الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
DM is a persistent metabolic disorder distinguished by heightened blood glucose levels, resulting in progressive impairment of vital organs and tissues (e.g., retina, kidneys, & heart).
Insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by tissue insulin resistance (IR), inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response, as well as insufficient insulin secretion by pancreatic islet β-cells, affects over ninety percent of cases of diabetes mellitus. Insulin secretion becomes incapable of maintaining glucose homeostasis as the disease advances, resulting in hyperglycemia.
Egypt is ranked among the ten countries with the highest number of inhabitants affected by DM. In 2021, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that Egypt will have 10.9 million individuals aged 20-79 who have diabetes; by 2045, this number is projected to double to approximately 20 million patients with DM. The HbA1c criterion or plasma glucose concentration (fasting or 2-hour plasma glucose) may be utilized to diagnose diabetes.
Depression & anxiety may contribute to glucose dysregulation, diabetic-induced complications like diabetic nephropathy, cognitive impairments, & kidney disorders, reduced quality of life.
This cross-sectional research was performed on 400 cases have T2DM their age ranged between 32–80 years. Male cases were slightly less than female cases. Duration of diabetes ranged between 3–21 years.