الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Autoantibodies to the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) are responsible for many of the clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease (GD) and are specific biomarkers of this autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibodies can also be found in patients with autoimmune-induced Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and associated extrathyroidal manifestations. The immune response in autoimmune thyroid disease occurs predominantly within the thyroid gland itself, the site of major thyroid antigen expression. Secondary soft tissues are affected because they possess receptors that bind to these Ab. The close clinical relationship between GD and thyroid eye disease (TED), suggesting that immunoreactivity against the TSHR is present in both the thyroid and orbit, underlies both conditions. Functional TSHR-Ab represent powerful biomarkers of anti–selfreactivity in the thyroid and systemic tissues that harbor TSHR-expressing target cells. TSHR expression has been shown to be higher in TED orbital fat compared with normal orbital adipose tissues. Also, there exists a positive correlation between TSHR messenger ribonucleic acid levels in individual TED orbital connective tissue specimens and the patient’s clinical disease activity. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor–stimulating Ab, also called TSHR stimulating-antibodies (TSAb), activity on thyrocytes induce hyperthyroidism, and TSAb activity on TSHR expressed by orbital and/or pretibial fibroblasts provokes the release of cytokines and antigen-specific Tcell responses leading to systemic inflammation. The aim of the current study was to assess the correlation between thyroid eye disease and autoimmune thyroid antibodies specifically TSH receptors stimulating antibodies and antithyroglobulin antibodies. To achieve this goal, this study was conducted on 40 thyroid eye disease patients based on VISA score and its relations to TSH receptors stimulating antibodies and antithyroglobulin antibodies were assessed.