الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a chronic disease characterized with persistent hyperglycemia which causes progressive tissue damage and organ failure if left untreated. So, DM is associated with serious complications such as cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. In addition to these complications, male reproductive dysfunction is one of the most important complications of DM. While the main cause of diabetic complications remains to be clarified, a great deal of attention has been drawn to the role of OS in the pathogenesis of different diabetic complications. As, prolonged hyperglycemia causes an increase in ROS, which deteriorates the antioxidant systems and causes OS. The currently available therapies for the treatment of DM as insulin and various types of oral antidiabetic drugs are related to many unwanted side effects such as hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hepatotoxicity and diarrhea. In addition to these side effects, most of the available antidiabetic drugs are not effective in preventing diabetic complications, including sexual and testicular dysfunction. Therefore, it is important to find new a natural-based therapy with antioxidant effect which can help reverse testicular injury in diabetic patients.
Insulin is considered an anabolic polypeptide hormone formed and secreted by the pancreas beta cells in response to high glucose levels. It regulates the secretion of testosterone with a significant role in the proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis, prostatic growth, and sexual behavior. Rosemary is a perennial herb known with its antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant activities. Its antioxidant property has been shown in many experimentally induced testicular injury.