الفهرس 
Chapter I: IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Respiratory viruses such as Influenza and coronaviruses pose a significant threat to the world’s health and economy. They can spread via respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces. The potential pandemic in human society, an increase in recorded cases of human infection raises public health concerns. Additionally, when these viruses were accompanied with a rise in viral resistant to medication has highlighted the urgent need for substitute antiviral medications. So that the main concept of this study was focused on pomegranate juice, pomegranate extracts, green synthesis of copper nanoparticles with ethylene glycol as a capping agent and pomegranate juice (Cu.NP.P) as an antioxidant, paralleled to ascorbic acid (Cu.NP.As) as an antioxidant and capping agent. characterization and identification of the generated materials came next, biosynthesized nanoparticles were determined UV-VIS, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM examination. Investigation of antiviral activity of these compounds and their combination in vitro against the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Our results for testing the cytotoxicity of these compounds and antiviral efficacy on two culture cell lines (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells or Vero E6 cells) were showed that Cu.NP.As.P.L. had the highest antiviral activity against H5N1 (CC50=4850µg/µl , IC50=73.55µg/µl selectivity index (SI)=65.9), followed by pomegranate Extract 1 (CC50=5022µg/µl, IC50=99.99µg/µl & SI=50.2), then pomegranate Extract 6 supernatant (CC50=4859µl/µl, IC50=107.1µl/µl & SI=45.4), followed pomegranate Extract 3 (CC50=11858µg/µl, IC50=425.2µg/µl & SI=27.9), then Cu.NP.As.S. (CC50=213.6µl/µl, IC50=12.77µl/µl & SI=16.7), finally Cu.NP.P.P.L. (CC50=4324µg/µl, IC50=410.7µg/µl & SI=10.5). Eventually, against SARS-CoV-2, the same pomegranate Extract 6 supernatant (CC50=2734µl/µl, IC50=103.8µl/µl & SI=26.34) was shown to have the strongest antiviral result, then pomegranate Extract 4 supernatant (CC50=2510µl/µl, IC50=115.9µl/µl & SI=21.66), followed by Cu.NP.As.S.L.1 (CC50=5621µg/µl, IC50=344.4µg/µl & SI=16.32), then Cu.NP.P.P.L. (CC50=5087µg/µl, IC50=312.7µg/µl & SI=16.27), followed by pomegranate lyophilized juice (P.J.L.) (CC50=2148µg/µl, IC50=176µg/µl & SI=12.20), finally Cu.NP.As.S.L.2 (CC50=5800µg/µl, IC50=573.7µg/µl & SI=10.11). Thus, the four effectives’ compounds were subjected to additional investigations to confirm their antiviral activity and determine the mode of action for each one against SARS-CoV-2. Cu.NP. P.P.L. was shown to have the most efficient compounds induced virucidal effects =81.3%, followed by P.J.L. and supernatant of Cu.NP.As.S =75%, and finally pomegranate Extract 6 =71.3%. However, it was discovered that pomegranate Extract 6 has the most effective compounds generated replication effects against SARS-CoV-2 =72.5%. Pomegranates, pomegranate extracts, and green copper Nanoparticles have been identified as promising antiviral chemical resources. The overall finding of this study reveals that pomegranate extract is safe up to 1g/Kg body weight intraperitoneal administration in male and female Sprague Dawley rats, and we conclude from prior results that pomegranate extract is safe.