الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nanomateriales such as nano-biochar, as well as modified nano-biochar and nano-iron oxide are now promising methods for improving soil biological and chemical properties as well as improving plant growth and nematode resistance. Nanomateriales are characterized by a large surface area, high cation exchange capacity, and have many active adsorption sites, compared to the same natural-sized materials. Therefore, the aim of this study is to synthesize and know the properties of some nanomateriales such as nano-biochar (nB), as well as modified nano-biochar, green nano biochar (GnB) and magnatic nano biochar (MnB), in addition to nano-iron oxide (nFe), and their effect at different rates on the biological and chemical properties of the soil, as well as improving tomato plant growth and nematode resistance. This can be acheived by the following following: 1 - Studing the properties of Nanoparticales nB, nFe, GnB and MnB. 2 - Evaluating the effect of nB, nFe, GnB and MnB at two rates on enhancing soil checimal and biological properties. 3 - Evaluating the effect of nB, nFe, GnB and MnB at two rates on nematode resistance 4 - Evaluation of the growth of tomato plants grown in soil under the influence of the nanomateriales under study To achieve these objectives, soil samples were collected and placed 10 kg soil im each pot And a pot experiment planted with tomato seeds ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) was conducted, under greenhouse conditions at Basuon village, Gharbia Governorate. A suspension of nano materials was made in 250 ml of water, dipped tomato seedlings in it, then planted them in the soil and added the rest of the suspension next to the root area. One tomato seedling was then planted in each pot. After a week, tomato . One tomato seedling was then planted in each pot. After a week, tomato seedlings were inoculated with approximately 5,000 nematode eggs in root seedlings were inoculated with approximately 5,000 nematode eggs in root zone. After sixty days of seeding, plant nematodes were counted, growth zone. After sixty days of seeding, plant nematodes were counted, growth characteristics were acquired and soil propertiescharacteristics were acquired and soil properties were also estimated.were also estimated. Nine treatments were performed in a Nine treatments were performed in a completely randomized completely randomized experimental design with three replicates as followsexperimental design with three replicates as follows: (1) Control (C) soil without amendments,Control (C) soil without amendments, (2) Nano biochar at 3 mg kgNano biochar at 3 mg kg--11 (nB(nB33), ), (3) Nano biochar at 6 mg kgNano biochar at 6 mg kg--11 (nB(nB66), ), (4) Green nano biochar at 3 mg kgGreen nano biochar at 3 mg kg--11 (GnB(GnB33), ), (5) Green nano biochar at 6 mg kgGreen nano biochar at 6 mg kg--11,, (6) (Magnatic nano biochar at 3 mg kg(Magnatic nano biochar at 3 mg kg--11 (MnB(MnB33),), (7) Magnatic nano biochar at 6 mg kgMagnatic nano biochar at 6 mg kg--11 (MnB(MnB66), ), (8) Nano iron oxide at 3 mg kgNano iron oxide at 3 mg kg--11 (nFe(nFe33), ), (9) Nano iron oxide at 6 mg kgNano iron oxide at 6 mg kg--11 (nFe(nFe66).). The obtained results could be summarized as follows:- 1. Properties of recycled nanomateriales It is noted that the nB surfaces had some pores and had a spherical particle shape ranging in sizes between 27 and 92 nm. GnB was characterized by the cover on the surface, the presence of some pores, spherical and rod shapes, and some agglomerations of nanoparticles with a size ranging between 27 and 92 nm. The surfaces of nFe are black in color and the shape of the nanoparticles is spherical with a moderate difference in size and that the particles agglomerate with each other with a size range of 36 to 55 nm. Surface area measured for GnB = (291.71 m2 g -1) and MnB = (260.18 m2g-1) compared to nB = (288.04 m2g-1). The surface area of MnB was 260.18 m2 g-1 which are larger than that of nFe (92.10 m2 g-1). MnB showed strong adsorption peaks at 1638 cm-1 and 3923 cm-1, and new peaks 1092.85 cm-1, 1458.61 cm-1, and 3970.62 cm-1 as compared to nB and GnB. Conversely, GnB showed strong adsorption peaks at 483.97 cm-1, 563.32 cm-1, 1637.19 cm-1, and 3451.58 cm-1, and new peaks at 2095.85 cm-1 as compared to nB and MnB. The peak at 1458 cm-1 in MnB represented the S-H and S=O stretching. It refers to the use of ferrous sulfate during the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. The peaks at 1101 cm-1 in nB and GnB represent the symmetric C-O stretching. The peaks at 1636 cm-1 in nB and 1637 cm-1 in GnB were related to H–O–H and C=C stretching. Sharp peaks in nB imply the existence of calcium bromide hexahydrate (Br2CaH12O6), H2O2Zn, C4Fe2Na6O16S, quartz, calcite, and Ca2H12O6. Conversely, CHO-N, CHO-K, CHO-Fe, CHO-P, H2O2Zn, NH4K2HPO3F, and calcite were the dominant minerals in GnB. The XRD spectrum of the MnB found that ferrous sulfate monohydrate, FeH2O5S, Fe2O3, Ca4 Fe O7Si, Fe3O4, and Fe3C were the dominant compounds. The data showed the spinel phase structure of magnetite (Fe3O4), Fe3O4TiO, and ferrous sulfate monohydrate. 2. Effect of nanoparticle on soil chemical properties a. pH: pH decreased significantly with the studied nanomateriales compared to the control. Soil pH decreased from 7.79 in the control to 7.44 and 7.57 with the addition of GnB and MnB at rate of 6 mg kg-1, respectively b. Ec: Soil electrical conductivity (EC) decreased significantly with the studied treatments as compared to control. The effect of GnB at 3 and 6 mg kg-1 was the more effective. It decreased EC from 1.65 to 0.44 and 0.52, respectively. c. The soluble ions: The soluble concentrations of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca++) increased significantly with addition of nB, GnB and Mnb at the two rates. While the nFe additions had no significant effect on K+ and Ca++ concentrations at 3 and 6 mg kg-1. The addition of the investigated nanomateriales decreased Na+, Mg++, Cl-, and HCO3- concentrations significantly at both rates as compared to the control. The highest decrease in the Cl- and HCO3- appeared with the addition of GnB at 3 mg kg-1. d. Available soil nutrients: The available nutrients of N, P and K concentrations increased significantly with the addition of the investigated nanomateriales at the different rates. Available nutrients increased with nB additions because of their higher N, P, and K content. The highest N, P and K concentrations were observed in the GnB treatment with 89.86%, 106.47% and 124.46% increase as compared to control, respectively. Available nutrients were higher in pots treated with GnB than in pots treated with MnB or nB at the same dose e. soil organic matter: Soil OM increased with increasing rates of nano-amendment addition. The addition of GnB6 gave the highest significant increase in the soil OM compared to other treatments, with an increase rate of 84.7% as compared to the control. The increase in the soil OM in GnB-treated pots was greater than that in MnB-treated pots at the same rate. f. Cation exchange capacity: The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil dramatically increased with the nano-amendment addition. The addition of GnB6 resulted in the highest significant increase in soil CEC and OM, with an increment of 5.5% and 84.7%, respectively, compared to the control. With increasing rates of nano-amendment addition, soil CEC increased. At the same rate, the increase in soil CEC in GnB -treated pots was greater than that in MnB-treated pots. 3. Effect of nanoparticales on soil biological properties. a. Microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP): MBP increased with increasing application rates of the studied nanoparticles. It increased with the addition of nB6, GnB6, MnB6, and nFe6 by 2.19, 2.82, 1.87, and 1.52 times, respectively, relative to the control treatment. The MBP in the GnB-treated pots was higher than that in the MnB-treated pots at the same rate. MBP in soil ranged from 9.38 mg kg-1 in the control to 26.69 mg kg-1 in the GnB6, and a significant difference appeared between the different treatments. b. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and Microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN): MBC and MBN values increased significantly with increasing the addition rates the of nano-amendments. The highest MBC and MBN were observed in the GnB treatment, with a 69.94% and 73.9% increase as compared to the control, respectively. In the investigated nanomateriales , the difference in MBC between 3 and 6 mg kg-1 rates is not statistically significant. MBN increased with the addition of GnB6, reaching 11.90 and 51.66 % as compared with nB6 and nFe6, respectively. 4. Impact of the nanomateriales on vegetative growth characters of tomato plants 4.1. Chlorophyll content: The chlorophyll content (A and B) in the leaves of tomato plants increased significantly with increasing rates of the investigated nanomateriales nB, GnB, nFe, and GnB. The highest concentration of chlorophyll A and B was observed in GnB6 treatment with an increase of 35.39% and 105.05% compared to the control, respectively. 4.2. The fresh and dry weights Fresh and dry weights of tomato plants were significantly affected by the different rates of the investigated nanomateriales . The increase in fresh and dry weight of tomato plants ranged from 12.4 and 14.68 g plant-1 to 31.37 and 99.27 g plant-1. The highest dry and fresh weights were observed in the GnB6 treatment, with an increase of 152.98% and 576.23% compared to the control, respectively. There is no significant difference in the fresh and dry weights between the addition of MnB3, MnB6, and nFe6 treatments. In both applications, GnB6 treatment had a greater effect on fresh and dry weight of tomato plants than MnB. The dry weight increased by adding GnB6 to 10.42 and 47.14% compared with nB6 and nFe6, respectively. 4.3. The plant height The height of tomato plant increased significantly with increasing the investigated nanomateriales rates, and ranged from 68.13 to 98.67 cm. The control gave the lowest height and GnB6 the highest height. 4.4. The number of laterals and flowers The increase in the number of laterals and flowers ranged from 18 and 12 to 66 and 27. The soil treated with GnB produced the highest number of laterals and flowers for tomato plants. The number of laterals and flowers on tomato plants increased with increasing the addition rates of the nano-amendments. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of lateral branches of tomato plants between the addition of 3 and 6 mg kg-1 of nB and nFe treatments. 5. Impact of the Impact of the nanomateriales nanomateriales on on RootRoot--Knot NematodesKnot Nematodes 5.1. Root gall: 5.1. Root gall: The number of root galls per tomato plant was significantly reduced The number of root galls per tomato plant was significantly reduced with the application of nanowith the application of nano--amendments to the soil at various levels. It amendments to the soil at various levels. It ranged from 63.08 to 15.70 galls. The application of GnBranged from 63.08 to 15.70 galls. The application of GnB66 gave the greatest gave the greatest significant reduction in the number of root galls per tomato plant compared significant reduction in the number of root galls per tomato plant compared to other treatments, with a decrease rate of 75.13% when compared to the to other treatments, with a decrease rate of 75.13% when compared to the control. The number of root galls per tomato plant control. The number of root galls per tomato plant decreased with the decreased with the increase in application rates of the studied nanoparticles. increase in application rates of the studied nanoparticles. The decrease The decrease percentage of of root galls number per tomato plant, percentage of of root galls number per tomato plant, with the addition of nBwith the addition of nB66, , nFenFe66, GnB, GnB66, and MnB, and MnB66, were about 3.11, 2.18, 4.02, and 2.83 times, , were about 3.11, 2.18, 4.02, and 2.83 times, respectively, relative to the control treatment. The respectively, relative to the control treatment. The number of root number of root gallsgalls in the in the GnBGnB--treated pots was higher than that in the treated pots was higher than that in the MnBMnB--treatedtreated pots at the same pots at the same rate.rate. There is no significant difference in the There is no significant difference in the number of number of root galls between root galls between the addition of GnBthe addition of GnB33, MnB, MnB66, nB, nB33, and nB, and nB66 treatments. The gtreatments. The gall index ranged all index ranged from 4 to 3.from 4 to 3. 5.2. Egg mass: Egg mass: The number of egg masses per tomato plant ranged from 58.33 to 15, The number of egg masses per tomato plant ranged from 58.33 to 15, and the data revealed a notable variation between treatments. MnB, nB, and and the data revealed a notable variation between treatments. MnB, nB, and GnB at a rate of 6 mg kgGnB at a rate of 6 mg kg--11 soil addition decreased the egg mass weight by soil addition decreased the egg mass weight by 63.99, 69.14%, and 74.28%, respectively. 63.99, 69.14%, and 74.28%, respectively. The number The number of egg masses per of egg masses per tomato plant tomato plant decreased with the increase in the rate of addition of nanodecreased with the increase in the rate of addition of nano--amendments. amendments. At the same rate, the decrease in At the same rate, the decrease in number number of egg masses in of egg masses in GnBGnB--treated pots was greater than that in MnBtreated pots was greater than that in MnB--treated pots.treated pots. 5.3. Number of nematodes per 250 cm 3 soil: N N umbers of nematodes per 250 cm 3 soil decreased significantly with the studied nanomateriales compared to the control. The decrease in the number of nematodes per 250 cm 3 soil in GnB treated pots was greater than that in MnB treated pots at the same rate. The number of nematodes per 250 cm 3 soil decreased with the increase in the rate of addition of nano amendments. It decreased with the addition of nB 6 , nFe 6 , GnB 6 , and MnB 6 by 3.03, 2.19, 4.02, and 2.82 times, respectively, relative to the control treatment. There is no significant difference in the number of root galls between the addition of GnB 3 , MnB 6 , nB 3 , and nB 6 treatments.