الفهرس 
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Abstract
Climate change represents a massive challenge to the continuation of life on Earth; Therefore, it is meaningful to study how different macroeconomic variables affect environmental pollution, to enable policymakers to take appropriate policies that maintain the environment and line up with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). So, this study comes to examine the validity of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH), and the pollution halo hypothesis besides the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Furthermore, estimate to what extent FDI affects environmental pollution in developing countries, including energy consumption and income as other determinants of carbon dioxide emissions. To accomplish this purpose, this study employs an econometric model that utilizes the panel data estimation techniques of pooled OLS, fixed effects, and random effects, in addition to, the dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator. Moreover, the results are confirmed by using two separate samples, the first sample consists of 30 countries and the second sample consists of 42 countries during the period from 1990 to 2019.This study reveals that the results from the first and second samples conform with the pollution halo hypothesis, while the EKC hypothesis does not valid in developing countries. In addition to that, both energy consumption and economic growth lead to increasing environmental pollution, while FDI leads to a decrease in both samples.
Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Environmental Pollution, CO2 Emissions, Developing Countries, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Pollution Haven Hypothesis, Pollution Halo Hypothesis, Dynamic GMM Approach.