الفهرس 
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Abstract
Common bean is considered one of the most important legumes that are used for direct human consumption in the world. It suffers from many fungal diseases in the various stages of growth. This study aims to isolate and identify the causal pathogens and use the radiological field of microwave in controlling some seed borne diseases.
The obtained results in the recent study could be summarized as follow:
- Diseased common bean parts viz., pods, stems and roots resulted various fungal pathogens along two growing seasons (2019 – 2020) in El Minya governorate, Egypt.
- Two genera of fungi, Fusarium spp. and Macrophomina phaseolina, were occurred with pods, stems and roots recording the most predominant that showed the highest frequency, in case Fusarium 45% and Macrophomina 25%.
- Beside Fusarium and Macrophomina, five genera Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., and sclerotinia Sclertiorum were associated with diseased pods.
- Fungal genera Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Pythium spp. and Sclerotinia sclertiorum were accompanied with Fusarium and Macrophomina that associated with diseased stems/roots of common been.
- The two genera Fusarium and Macrophomina were the most frequent from pods, seeds also stems/ roots.
- Pathogenicity of five Fusarium isolates and six Macrophomina phaseolina isolates proved that all the tested isolates were infective to common bean cv. Giza 6
- Virulence of fungal isolates tested was varied, Fusarium isolate F1 showed the highest virulent among Fusarium isolates and Macrophomina phaseolina isolate M1 was the most infective than other Macrophomina phaseolina isolates. They were subjected for molecular identification which confirmed that F1 is Fusarium equiseti and M1 isolate is Macrophomina phaseolina.
- Both Fusarium equiseti and Macrophomina phaseolina showed infectivity towards foliar of most tested legume plants except cowpea foliar Meanwhile all legume plants showed root rot infection under soil infestation by either Fusarium equiseti or Macrophomina phaseolina. However, common bean plants gave the most DS.
- Fusarium equiseti and Macrophomina phaseolina were able to infect common bean plant parts more than other legume plants.
- Antifungal activity for all tested chemical fungicide altermatic (CFA) against Fusarium equiseti and Macrophomina phaseolina was expressed. The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina was more affected by all tested CFA than Fusarium equiseti. However, Ps gave the highest inhibitory effect against MDW of Macrophomina phaseolina, followed by CaSi and SA. In case of Fusarium equiseti Pb gave the most inhibitory to its MDW followed by CaSi and SA.
- Application CaSi was more effective to protect common bean plants against either Fusarium equiseti or Macrophomina phaseolina infection, than Ps.
- As for (PB), using 0.2g/l expressed the highest protection values 47.3% and 54.31% against Fusarium equiseti and Macrophomina phaseolina infection, respectively.
- Application of 0.2g/l AA+2.0g/l H2O2 as seed soaking resulted in resistant bean plant against Fusarium equiseti 20% protection and against Macrophomina phaseolina 47.0% protection.
- Using 0.2g/l SA exhibited 35.22% and 32.74% protection against infection by Fusarium equiseti and Macrophomina phaseolina, respectively.
- Regarding pod rot control, both Pb and CaSi singly treated common bean pods after incaution gave the highest efficiency against M. phaseolina infection, while Pb provides the highest efficiency against Fusarium equiseti infection.
- Application MER seed treatment led to improve VI of common bean cv Giza 6 when seeds exposure for 8Sc (128w) increasing MER exposure time reduced VI. Concomitantly MER seed at 128w in 8sc exposure time gave the most efficiency treatment to reduce DS.
- Soil amendment by biochar is benefitted to reduce common bean root rot severity caused by M. phaseolina more than F. equiseti.
- Combining CFA with MER and/or biochar soil amended, were more efficient to reduce DS than individual application.
- Application Pb seed soaking plus MER gave the most efficiency to suppress DS against Macrophomina phaseolina or Fusarium equiseti infection.
- Combining CFA seed soaking + MER then sowed in biochar soil amended resulted the highest efficiency, infectivity of Macrophomina phaseolina towards common bean cv Giza 6 was more affected than Fusarium equiseti.
- The most efficient combinations against Macrophomina phaseolina infection was Pb + MER then sowed in biochar soil amended. Meanwhile, CaSi + MER then sowed in biochar soil amended combination was the most efficient to reduce DS caused by Fusarium equiseti than using other CFA + MER they sowed in biochar soil amended combinations.