الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work has been planned to investigate the effect of ZnO-NPs on selected biochemical parameters of serum, and liver tissue in O. niloticus. This study was carried out also to evaluate the effect of ZnO-NPs on haemato-biochemical parameters oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes, In addition, this study aimed to highlight the histopathological change to ZnO-NPs exposure. Finally, to represent the role of parsley leaves and parsley nanoparticles in the improvement of these parameters.
Experimental design and investigated parameters:
In the present study, 400 Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) were used. fifty fish were used to estimate the (LC50) of ZnO-NPs. The other 180 fish were divided into six groups and each group consisted of 3 replicates of 10 fish per aquarium. group I: served as the control group. group II: served as the control group and co-administrated with parsley at the rate of 4g/kg diet. group III: served as the control group and co-administrated with nano parsley at the rate of 4mg/kg diet group IV: exposed to 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs in deionized water group V: exposed to 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs and fed on 4g/kg parsley. group VI: exposed to 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs and fed on 4g/kg diet nano parsley.
After 6 weeks day of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the caudal blood vessels. Serum was collected, liver and kidney were rapidly excised for the biochemical and histological studies.
The present work included the following investigations:
- Clinical investigation and post-mortem examination
- Serum: Determination of serum levels of ALP, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, total proteins, Albumin, Globulin, glucose, cortisol, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
- Liver and kidney determination of LPO, GSH, CAT, SOD
TAC, NO, MDA and GPx content.
- Liver histopathological changes.
The results:
The half-lethal concentration (LC50) of ZnO-NPs was observed through exposure to Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) was 8 mg/L after 96 h.
Clinical behavior and biochemical parameters:
The clinical signs of O. niloticus associated with toxicity of 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs were manifested by abnormal skin pigmentation, moving towards the air pump, staying for a long time, a certain location, also irregular movement, loss of equilibrium, anorexia, detached scales, frayed fins, and Postmortem lesions showed lipid degeneration in the liver with paleness in other internal organs whereas observed.
The postmortem findings of exposed fish were different degrees crowding especially in all internal organs of the exposed fish. As well as, the enlargement of liver. The biochemical analysis revealed an increase in liver enzymes values (ALP, ALT and AST). Also, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin glucose, cortisol and total lipid levels were also detected in group (IV) exposed to 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs for 6 weeks days.
Oxidative stress parameters in liver tissues recorded that:
The exposure of 8 mg/L ZnO-NPs in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) led to increase hepatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), where reduced glutation (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Nitrous oxide (NO) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)
The most observed histopathological alterations included:
-Liver: Hepatocytes with hydropic degeneration, portal tract showing inflammatory cellular infiltrate, mild fibrosis, interface hepatitis, and shows multiple foci of spotty necrosis.
Conclusion:
Feeding of O. niloticus on parsley leaves and/or parsley nanoparticles enriched diet minimized the side effects of ZnO-NPs toxicity and improve the above-mentioned variables near to the control group. The current study has revealed that dietary parsley leaves extract and parsley nanoparticles have a good effect against ZnO-NPs toxicity in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).