الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate a group of different cultivars and genotypes of Quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). under Egyptian conditions (in Minya governorate) in order to help spread the cultivation of that new crop in the Egyptian agricultural system. Therefore, a combination of morphological, yield, chemical analyses, color estimation, biochemical and molecular genetic parameters were used to evaluate ten promising genotypes of this crop. Seeds of these cultivars and genotypes were obtained from both the Agricultural Research Center in Giza and the Desert Research Center in Cairo. Also, these structures were genetically evaluated and the genetic relationship between them was studied. The most important detailed objectives of this study were:
1- Studying and characterizing these genotypes as a new source for bread flour production.
2- Evaluation of growth, yield and its components, chemical composition of seeds and color determination.
3- Determining the molecular differences of the studied genotypes, using the biochemical parameters Protein Marker and molecular parameters (ISSR and SRAP).
Results and discussion:
The most important results were as follows:
1- The results of the crop traits showed that there were significant differences between the studied genotypes in most of the traits under study. The Egyptian genotype showed the highest values in the characteristic of the number of jellyfish per plant 17.6, 19.3 and the weight of the plant from seeds 35.0 grams in the two seasons, as well as in the characteristic of plant height and number of plant leaves.
On the other hand, the Q-37 genotype showed the highest value (4.33 and 4.26 grams) in the 1000 seed weight in the first and second seasons, respectively.
2- It is known that quinoa seeds have multiple colors, and the results of estimating the color of the seeds in that study showed that there were also significant differences between the genotypes, where the highest value was found in light (L) for the Egyptian genotype (54.38), as well as in the characteristic of color change (ΔE) 32.0 As for the characteristic full color relative to the brightness of the environment (chroma), the highest value was (32.14) for the genotype KVL-SRA3.
3- The results of the chemical analysis showed that there were differences between the studied genotypes in terms of their chemical content, as one of the highest ash values was 4.23% per 100 grams for the Egyptian genotype in the first season, while the highest ash value was 4.40% per 100 grams for the Rainbow genotype in The first season as well. As for the percentage of protein, the genotype KVL-5204 showed the highest value of 19.87 grams per 100 grams.
4- The biochemical parameters showed the presence of genetic differences among the ten genotypes of quinoa, where 12 protein bands were obtained distributed over all genotypes of quinoa with a molecular weight of 25 to 120 kDa. where at a molecular weight of 120 kDa, a protein bundle appeared in all genotypes except for the Egyptian genotype, which appears to be negative for this genotype. While a unique band appeared in the Egyptian and Black genotypes at a molecular weight of 58 and 44, respectively.
5- Two molecular parameters (ISSR) and (SRAP) were used to determine the genetic differences between the studied structures at the molecular level, with five primers for ISSR and five primers for SRAP.
First, for the ISSR, 60 bands were obtained with a molecular weight ranging from 141 to 1600 base pairs; The total molecular differences formed were concentrated in 39 bands with a molecular difference rate of 65%, and the Resolving Power (RP) was calculated to determine the efficiency of the best primers in estimating molecular differences, as the value ranged from 2.4 to 6.2 for the primers HB14 and HB13, respectively, and the marker index was also estimated ( MI) Marker Index 1.86, while the value of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.23% for polymorphic information content.
Secondly, for SRAP, 78 bands were obtained with a molecular weight ranging from 56 to 1250 base pairs. The total molecular differences formed were 49 bands with a molecular difference rate of 62.82%. The Resolving Power (RP) was calculated to determine the efficiency of the best primers in estimating molecular differences, where the value was 4.8 Also, (MI) Marker Index 2.12 was estimated, and (PIC) polymorphic information content was 0.21% for polymorphic information content.
Based on the previous results, a genetic kinship tree (UPGMA) was made based on all the genetic information used in the study for the ten genotypes of quinoa, and these structures were divided into three similar groups:
group (A) consists of four genotypes
(Egyptian, Rainbow Misr-1 and Q-37).
group B consists of two genotypes (Q-52 and KVL-5204).