الفهرس 
Title : Removal techniques of ammonia from drinking water and wastewater in Egypt and developing countries
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Abstract
The ammonia pollution/contamination reveals at the inlet of drinking water treatment
plants, especially on Northern coast of Egypt, due to the drainage of sewage and industrial
wastes from factories along the Nile River, resulting in more neutralization clogs at inlet of
water treatment plants. Ammonia causes many diseases; some of them lead to coma or death.
Many researchers worked on removing ammonia from drinking water as it was limited to 0.5
ppm in the European association and WHO.
In this thesis, a criticizing summary of researchers work (1998-2021) is presented where
removal of ammonia by physical (i.e., adsorption, air stripping, and membrane distillation),
biological, and chemical (oxidation, struvite, photocatalyst, cold plasma) methods were
reviewed.
Also, the winter closure which is an annual action taken every year by the Egyptian
authorities by closing water flows in series of channels for maintenance of water channels
where levels in water channels are forced to reduce. However, Kafr Elsheikh and El Behaira
located at North Egypt were affected by pollutant during winter closure due to the drainage of
industrial wastes causing high pollution load of mainly ammonia and other pollutants. This
study focused on testing agriculture wastes and / or natural materials to decrease ammonia in
water at inlet of water treatment stations that may reach to 30 mg/l. Ten adsorbents were
investigated for ammonia removal: Sugarcane peels, activated diatom, activated carbon,
activated zeolite, rice straw, white foam, ilmenite, red brick, dates kernels, pomegranate peels,
and a mixture of ilmenite with sugarcane peels.
The sugarcane peels were the optimum treatment solution with a removal efficiency of 58
% at an initial concentration of 38 mg/l, " ~ " 0.7 g of the adsorbent mass, and pH ranges from 10
to 12 after 1 hour of contact time. At the same time, ilmenite reached an efficiency of 62 % at
an initial concentration of 21 mg/l, " ~ " 1.7 g of ilmenite, and pH 7 after 1 hour of contact time.
In addition, the reaction kinetics and adsorption isotherms were investigated for the selected
adsorbent sugarcane peels, and the results showed that it matched the first-order kinetics with
a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and Langmuir adsorption isotherm with (R2) of 0.96.
The thesis contains seven chapters as follows, chapter one is introduction, chapter two is
literature review about different water treatment techniques for ammonia removal, chapter
three is about materials used characteristics and preparation, chapter four starts the
experimental work, tools and methodology for adsorption technique, chapter five for cold
plasma oxidation experimental work, chapter six is about results and discussions, finally
chapter seven stated the conclusions of this work.
Finally, two papers for this work were accepted for publishing. First paper: a review
study was accepted at ICEE-11 (11st International Conference on Chemical and
Environmental Engineering) through the IOP conference series [Earth & Environmental
science (EES) indexed by Scopus], while the second paper summarizing experimental work
was accepted at Journal of Engineering and Applied Science [indexed by Scopus].