الفهرس 
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Abstract
The global usage of radiotherapy for cancer varies greatly. Previous research has revealed that around half of all cancer patients should get radiation (Delaney et al., 2005).
The adverse effects of radiation on the oral mucosa itself as well as the surrounding salivary glands, bone, teeth, and masticatory muscle and apparatus culminate in radiotherapy-induced damage to the oral mucosa. Radiation-induced oral problems are intricate, dynamic pathobiological processes that negatively impact patients’ quality of life and put them at risk for significant clinical conditions (Sciubba & Goldenberg, 2006).
Aim:
The goal of the current study was to determine whether curcumin and chitosan nano-particles, two naturally occurring dietary derivatives that have been identified as anti-oxidant substrates, could be used to treat the structural and histological changes in the parotid glands of radiation-exposed rats.
Material and methods:
Animals
sixty mature male Albino rats, 200–250 g on average. They were housed in separate cages. At the National Center for Radiation Research and Technology in Egypt, all tests were carried out in the animal house.
Chemicals
We purchased 1-Chitosan powder from M/s Sigma Chemical Company.
2-Curcumin, pure turmeric curcumin powder from a modern food manufacturer. **
Experimental design
The current study was done on 60 adult male albino rats that distributed in four groups
15 healthy rats from group I, the control group, were kept away from the radiation building.
group II (radiated group) included 15 rats in it. Rats were positioned in cylindrical structures such that their heads were exposed to a cobalt 60 source with a millivolt energy of 1.25.
Each of the 15 rats in group III (the group that got treatment with curcumin nanoparticles) received a daily dose of nanocurcumin that was diluted with distilled water (1:8) (2012) Modasiya & Patel
group IV (the group treated with chitosan nanoparticles): consisting of 15 rats, each got 200 mg/kg of body weight per day of Nano-chitosan (MW 3 80 000 Da). Chitosan solution was created by dissolving 0.3 percent of chitosan in 2 percent of acetic acid (Laudenslager et al., 2008).
The parotid glands were removed from the animals when the experiment was finished. Before histological staining and immunolabeling, tissue slices were deparaffinized and rehydrated after being fixed in 4 percent buffered formalin for 24 hours. The tissues were then rinsed in saline solution and sectioned.
For regular histological inspection and histomorphometric analysis, H&E stain was utilized. VEGF, caspase-3, PCNA antibodies was employed for immunohistochemical investigation. These were the outcomes:
Results
H&E Results:
The gland in the control group looked to be made up of connective tissue stroma and parenchyma, based on the histological analysis. Serous acini lost their architecture and organization in the radiated group. Serous acinar cells’ nuclei displayed pleomorphism, karyomegaly, hyperchromatism, aberrant mitotic figures, and perinuclear haloing. With secretion trapped within, intercalated ducts seemed dilated, and the lining cells’ nuclear morphology was aberrant. Striated ducts developed with stalled secretion, uncontrollable cell growth, and unusual nuclear morphology. Excretory duct was seen with deformed morphology, rupturing in the basement membrane of the lining cell, stationary secretion, and hyalinized CT around it. Red blood cells looked to be overflowing blood channels. The parotid gland started to regain its typical histological structure when exposed to curcumin and chitosan nanoparticles.
Histomorphometric analysis
Through calculating number of nuclei / acini, the highest number of nuclei belonged to the radiated group then curcumin nanoparticle group then chitosan nanoparticles group. Although when calculating acini / field the highest number was for control group then curcumin nanoparticle group then chitosan nanoparticle at last radiated group. These results were confirmed by statistical analysis
Immunohistochemical Results
According to immuno-histochemical examination results, the highest VEGF expression was in radiated group then chitosan nanoparticles group, then the curcumin nanoparticles group, then control group. The statistical analysis ensured these results.
Immuno-histochemical examination for caspase 3 anti-body presented that the highest expression for caspase 3 anti-body was in curcumin nanoparticle group then chitosan nanoparticle group then radiated group then control group.
Immuno-histochemical examination for PCNA anti-body presented that the highest expression for PCNA anti-body was in curcumin nanoparticle group then chitosan nanoparticle group then radiated group then control group.