الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Alignment of the knee significantly influence the way in which mechanical forces pass through the joint during standing and gait. Knee alignment is measured by the angle between line connecting the center of the femoral head and the center of the knee and to the center of the ankle. femoral and tibial alignment is measured on coronal and sagittal plane . Normal anatomical alignment of the tibiofemoral joint is approximately 5 to7 of valgus. Variation from this alignment may enhance knee osteoarthritis (OA) which is of high prevalence in old –age individuals and comprises risk factors for disability. It is the most common articular disease and primary cause of chronic disability. The economic considerations of knee AO are very concerning in terms of treatment, productivity and adaptation to new life of subjects with OA. The condition might get worse when accompanied with other comorbidities, such as diabetes ,cancer and cardiovascular diseases, making affected individuals under great mortality risk.AO incidence is increasing with the higher rate of obesity in young-age persons. Pain is the major symptom of knee OA, and treatment is usually focused on alleviating such pain and aiding subjects to regain their quality of life. Osteoarthritis may result from a combination of risk factors including aging ,genetics, trauma, increasing loading with obesity or imbalanced sport as well as knee malalignment(varus or valgus).