الفهرس 
Introduction
Chapter one: The inscriptions and structures of thetombstones of Shafak Nur HanimOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 551 |  |  |
| | | from | 551 | | |
Abstract
In this study, the tombstones and structures of the tombs of the women of the family of Muhammad Ali in Hosh Al-Basha and Qubbat Afandina are described, which must be transformed into open museums for those wishing to enjoy our Islamic monuments throughout history in one of the most important Islamic monuments. They include writings in the old Ottoman language and with a unique type of font, which is the nasta’liq, which mixes the Naskh calligraphy and the Persian calligraphy because of its clear impact on the Ottoman civilization, where this calligraphy was found on many monuments of the Ottoman Empire, where these unique writings tell the development of the history of Egypt during the era of Muhammad Ali and the development of the calligraphy as well in terms of its inception to reaching the stage of prosperity, where it appears through the writings of the tombstones a lot of information about the work, life, titles and details of the deceased, so we see the extent of interest in those tombstones.
Research Objectives and Importance:
1- Training archaeologists and tour guides to read Arabic calligraphy, as many find it difficult to read those inscriptions.
2- Recording and listing the tombstones in a specialized academic study to be a reference for these tombstones, as the site suffers from neglect and there are many tombstones for unknown individuals.
3- Identifying the different types of scripts and their stages of development as well as the characteristics of each type through the artistic analytical study of the scipts engraved on the tombstone.
4- Introducing an aspect of Islamic art represented in the unique inscriptions engraved on those tombs and introducing the famous calligraphers who wrote such inscriptions.
5- Highlighting the role of the modern Egyptian school in the art of Arabic calligraphy and linking it with the Ottoman school in its last phase.
6- Identifying the interest of Mohamed Ali’s dynasty in architecture and the construction of funerary facilities, especially the rulers of Egypt.
7- Shedding light on some aspects that historians have neglected with regard to the documentary inscriptions found in the structures and tombstones of their graves, especially those of the women of the aforementioned dynasty whose lives were not known in many historical sources.
8- Raising the archaeological awareness of the value of memorial inscriptions engraved on tombstones and structures under study, which represented an important artistic aspect in our artistic civilizational heritage.
9- Shedding light on the creativity of high-relief inscriptions that represent the style and spirit of the era in which they were implemented, as an extension of the Ottoman school in the art of Arabic calligraphy and Islamic ornamentation.
10- Highlighting the role of women in Egyptian life in the era of the Mohamed Ali’s dynasty and how the rulers of this dynasty appreciated and respected these women. This also highlights the moral and social status of women in that era as it emphasizes the importance of the role of women in the Islamic era in general and the extent of their influence upon society.
11- Shedding light on an aspect that is often neglected in the historical and narrative discourse with regard to women in general, so that the academic studies may pay attention to in order to correct the erroneous idea that women have no role in the Islamic era in general.
12- Comparing between the cemeteries of Hosh al-Basha and Qubbat Afandina to show the different inscriptions and titles.
The findings :
1. Introducing the importance of the royal family’s tombs in Hosh Al-Pasha and Qubbat Afandina , and the jewels درره they contain of Islamic antiquities in Cairo, especially for non-specialists in the field of antiquities.
2. Many nicknames for women were used, and they were explained in detail
3. The study monitored the suffering of many structures threatened with destruction and extinction as a result of neglect.
4. The study corrected many of the readings, dates and erroneous information in previous studies.
5. A new insight into the method of distributing written texts with tombstones through analytical study of the content of these texts is that it was a sincere translation of Islamic thought and a clear echo of the Islamic doctrine entrenched in the same Muslim that had clear implications for the artistic visions of the Muslim artist in general.
6. Collect all tombstones for women in one study where it is difficult to track them in one study.
7. The study referred to how the structures and tombstones are made and their stages of origin from the beginning of manufacture to their assembly to the end of decoration, writing and digging as well .
8. Referring to materials used in the manufacture of structures and tombstones and referring to marble as a major element and raw material used in the manufacture of structures and referring to marble and the evolution of its industry.
9. The study noted the importance of the content of the written inscriptions, providing us with a perception of the economic and political situation in different eras .
10. The study showed the method of executing writings with grave compositions from overflowing inscriptions and other prominent ones .
11. Study references to the mention of calligraphers, their translation and the importance of their actions, especially non-Egyptian calligraphers such as Sinclakh Khorasani and Mustafa Nori Daddah and others .
12. The study confirmed the spread of the calculation of sentences and the history appeared at the end of the structure written in the way of calculating sentences.
13. The study presented a proposal to develop the tombes of the royal family in Hosh Al-Basha and Qubbat Afandina , And employing its antiquities as an important source of attraction for cultural and heritage tourism.