الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
’Postcolonial ecocriticism’ is a new field of literary criticism. It examines the lands of the colonized, which were often plundered and destroyed, as an indirect result of conquering people. It can initially be said that the term ’ecocriticism’was first used in literary criticism by the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE) in 1993. That term paid special attention to environmental concerns, studying the environment as a complete unit composed of humans, animals and land. ’Postcolonialism,’ on the other hand, was a response to the results of colonization, investigating the military, social and cultural impacts of imperialism on the indigenous people.
In the early 2000s, the ecocritical and postcolonial theories were profoundly intertwined to include postcolonial concerns such as cosmopolitanism, transnationalism and anthropocence in addition to ecocritical concerns, such as environmental issues, animal studies, bioethics and botany (Buell et al. 422). Therefore, the two theories were interrelated to form a more inclusive theory, known as ’postcolonial ecocriticism.’
Postcolonial ecocriticism is derived from the idea that contested lands, like Iraq and Palestine, are fundamentally different than peaceful lands, like France and Germany. So, the application of postcolonial ecocriticism to literary works exposes the unsustainable exploitation of nature, unveiling environmental degradation as a result of imperial activities. In this context, Val Plumwood emphasizes that ”the concept of colonization can be applied directly to non-human nature itself . . . ” (”Decolonizing Relationships with Nature” 503). Moreover, Huggan and Tiffin support Plumwood’s ideas in their book, Postcolonial Ecocriticism, noting that ”if the wrongs of colonialism—its legacies of continuing human inequalities, for instance—are to be addressed, still less to be redressed, then the very category of the human, in relation to animals and environment, must also be brought under scrutiny” (18).
The dissertation reveals some ecoritics’ substantial contributions to ecocriticism, like CheryII Glotfelty, Serpil Oppermann and Lawrence Buell, who establish the main principles of ecocriticism or environmental literary criticism, as a strategy or a theory, in analyzing and interpreting literary texts. The dissertation attempts to prove that some postcolonial writers, like Frantz Fanon and Edward Said, pay much attention to the degrading conditions of the environment after being colonized. Those writers examine the ecological concerns, such as ’environmental racism,’ ’environmental sustainability’ and ’geographical identity’. They also explore the tangible and intangible concepts of the land, emphasizing its great significance of making new socio-cultural histories in the decolonized countries.
The 2003 American War In Iraq has led to extensive damage to the Iraqi ecosystem. During the war, the United States used modern weapons, such as cruise missiles and offensive air power, to carry out destructive series of air attacks on Iraqi control facilities, communication systems and infrastructure