الفهرس 
Evaluation of pulp and paper properties produced from some timber trees irrigated with wastewaterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study divided into three experiments, the first experiment examined the pulp and paper related characteristics [wood density, fiber morphological indices (fiber length,
Runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient Muhlsteph ratio, and Luce’s shape factor)] and the chemical composition of stemwood and branchwood for two species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus halepensis). The second experiment, evaluated the pulp characteristics (pulp yield, kappa number, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash) and
paper properties (beating time, density, bulk density, burst index, tensile index, tear index and opacity at 50ᵒ S.R freeness) produced from stemwood and branchwood of the twostudied species and their mixtures. The third experiment, investigated the influence of four different pulping treatments [kraft as a control (K), surfactant (1 % of PEG-1500) as a pulp additive (KS), pre-hydrolysis with hot water (Pre-K), and pre-hydrolysis with surfactant (Pre-KS)] in a kraft method on the unbleached pulp and paper properties of two
selected mixtures PBr-ESt (75:25%) and PBr-Est (25:75%). All the raw materials tested in this study were locally grown in the Egyptian- Chinese friendship forest in El- Sadat City,
Egypt.
The results of this study can be summarized as follows:
5.1. Evaluation of the wood density, fiber morphological features, and
the chemical composition of the stemwood and branchwood for the twostudied species
1- Based on the results of the chemical composition and fiber biometric
characteristics, all the studied raw materials—and even the branches—are suitable for pulp and paper production with various characteristics. Based on the present findings, it can be suggested that mixing P. halepensis branchwood with E. Camaldulensis stemwood or branchwood could lead to improving the paper quality.
2- Among the tested raw materials, the highest values of cellulose, C/L ratio, Runkel ratio, Rigidity coefficient, Muhlsteph ratio, and Luce’s shape factor were observed in E. camaldulensis stemwood, whereas, the highest values of basic density, extractives, and
ash content were found in the E. camaldulensis branchwood. On the other hand, the highest values of hemicellulose content, slenderness ratio, and fiber length were noticed
in P. halepensis stemwood, while the P. halepensis branchwood had the highest values in lignin content and flexibility coefficient.
3- The results showed that there were significant positive correlations between the wood density and the fiber length in branchwood of both species, while there were independent associations between both variables in the stemwood of both species. High
negative correlations were found between the basic density and the fiber lumen diameter in both stemwood and branchwood of the two studied species. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.67 for E. camaldulensis branchwood to 0.9 for P. halepensis branchwood.
Moreover, strong positive relationships were observed between the basic density and the cell wall thickness in branch and stemwood of both species with correlation coefficients ranged from 0.77 for P. halepensis branchwood to 0.86 for E. camaldulensis stemwood.
4- Two-way analysis of variance revealed that the wood species, tree parts (branch and stemwood), and the interaction between them affected significantly on the determined
chemical constituents and the fiber morphological indices at 0.05 significance level.