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العنوان
Red list of the endemic and near endemic plant species in Egypt /
المؤلف
El-Khalafy, Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / محمد محمود محمد الخلفى
مشرف / كمال حسين شلتوت
مشرف / محمد عبدالرحمن دياب
مشرف / داليا عبد العظيم احمد
الموضوع
Botany.
تاريخ النشر
2018.
عدد الصفحات
262 p. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
ماجستير
التخصص
علوم النبات
تاريخ الإجازة
18/9/2018
مكان الإجازة
جامعة طنطا - كلية العلوم * - النبات
الفهرس
Only 14 pages are availabe for public view

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Abstract

The present study aims to answer the following questions: 1- what are the numbers of endemic and near-endemic taxa in the Egyptian flora?, 2- what are the reasons and justifications for addition or exclusion of taxa to or from the list of endemic and near-endemic taxa?, 3- what are the conservation categories of endemics and near-endemics according to IUCN categories?, 4- How we can make red list of these taxa?, 5-what is the importance and goods of endemic and near-endemic taxa in the Egyptian flora?, 6- what are the most scarce threats that threatened the endemic and near-endemic taxa in the Egyptian flora?, 7- how we make conservation strategy for these taxa in the Egyptian flora?. The list of the endemic and near-endemic taxa was prepared from literature reviewing, field trips and, herbaria consultation. The lists were analyzed in terms of taxonomic diversity, life, sex, and rarity forms, dimension, flowering activity, dispersal methods, economic potentiality, national geographical distribution, abundance, and threats. In addition, a herbarium collection for endemic and near-endemic was prepared to be kept in Tanta and Kafr El-Sheikh Universities Herbaria, also building up a computerized data base dealing with the botany, environment and economic importance of these plants. Many field visits were conducted to many locations in the study area during the period from summer 2015 to spring 2018. Plant specimens were collected from different sites all over Egypt. The list of endemic taxa in the present study includes 44 species belonging to 36 genera and 20 families arranged according to LAPGIII system, Dicotyledonous families are 17 (10 Archichlamydae and 7 Symptalae). The archichlamydic families are represented by 17 genera, 17 species, and 3 varieties; while Sympetalic families are represented by 14 genera, 10 species, 1 variety and 5 sub-species. In addition, Monocotyledonous families are 3 represented by 5 genera, 7 species and one variety. The most represented families were Asteraceae (6 species = 13.6 % of the total taxa), Caryophyllaceae and Fabaceae (each of 5 taxa = 11.4 %), while the most represented genera are each of Silene and Veronica (3 taxa = 8.1 %), Allium, Bellevalia and Muscari (each of 2 taxa = 5.4 %). The total number of near-endemic species in the present study was 73 taxa, belonging to 58 genera and 28 families. Dicotyledonous families are 22 (12 Archichlamydae and 10 Sympetalae). The archichlamydic families are represented by 28 genera, 26 species, 6 varieties and 1 subspecies; while Sympetalic families are 10 represented by 23 genera, 24 species, 1 variety and 1 sub-species. In addition, Monocotyledonous families are 6 represented by 7 genera, 12 species and 2 subspecies. The most represented families were Asteraceae and Fabaceae (each of 8 taxa = 11.0 % of the total near-endemics), Asparagaceae (6 taxa = 8.2 %), Apiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (each of 5 taxa = 6.8 %), while the most represented genera are Bellevalia and Allium (each of 4 taxa = 6.9 %), Convolvulus, Astragalus, Lupinus, Hypecoum, Nigella, Verbascum, Fagonia, and Leopoldia (each of 2 taxa = 2.7 %). For endemic taxa, 10 main habitats were identified in the study area: banks of water bodies, desert plains, depressions and wadis, sandy formations, alluvial and loamy soils, cultivated fields, mountains and hills, rocky surfaces, well surroundings and road sides. For near-endemics, 11 main habitats were identified in the study area: banks of water bodies, desert plains, depressions and wadis, sandy formations, alluvial and loamy soils, cultivated fields, mountains and hills, rocky surfaces, road sides, calcareous ground, ridges and fallow fields and waste ground. The life forms of the endemic and nearendemic taxa were identified following the system of Raunkiaer (1937). The most represented life form in endemics is the therophytes and hemicryptophytes; while for the near-endemics, the most represented life form is the therophytes and chamaephytes. Sex forms were assessed in the field and checked with those reported in the literature: all endemics and most of the nearendemics are bisexual, but only two near-endemics are unisexual. The most represented stem height in endemic taxa ranges between 25 and 50 cm, while for the near-endemics ranges between 10 and 25 cm. The determination of dispersal types of endemic and near-endemic taxa indicated that ballochores and pogonochores were the most represented dispersal types. The flowering times were assessed in the field and checked with those indicated in the literature and herbarium sheets. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of the flowered endemic taxa form December till May, and then decreased again reaching a minimum from September to December. In general, the period from March to May was characterized by the highest flowering activity, while the period from September to December was characterized by the lowest. In addition, there was a gradual increase in the frequency of the flowered near-endemic taxa till reaching maximum from march to May, and then decreased again reaching a minimum value from August to January. Thirty- seven endemic taxa had a distribution in only one phytogeographical region (steno-endemics), while 52 near-endemics had a distribution in only one phytogeographical region (steno-near endemics). The near-endemics are restricted to Egypt and one neighboring country: 39 taxa with Palestine, 19 taxa with Libya, 8 taxa with Saudi Arabia, 4 taxa with Sudan, 2 taxa with Jordan and only one taxon with Lebanon. The potential and actual goods, services and threats of the endemic and near-endemic taxa were assessed as follows; field observation, information collected from local inhabitants and herbalists, and literature review. All endemic and near-endemic taxa have at least one aspect of economic goods and exposed to at least one type of threats. The most represented good taxa are medicinal plants, while over-collecting and over-cutting is the most represented threats. the information about the services are very low. The most services offered by endemic and near-endemic taxa are sand accumulation soil fertility, nitrogen fixation, wind breaking and shading. Among the total 44 endemic taxa in present study, 31 taxa are threatened (70.5 % of the total endemics) as follows: 5 taxa were critically endangered (11.4 %), 14 endangered (31.8 %), while 12 taxa (27.3 %) were believed to be Extinct. In addition, 13 taxa were evaluated as data deficient (29.5 %). On the other hand, Among the 30 near-endemic taxa evaluated in the present study, 5 taxa were assessed as critically endangered (16.7 % of the total assessed nearendemics), 12 taxa Endangered (40 %), while 4 taxa (13.3 %) were believed to be Extinct and 1 vulnerable (3.3 %). In addition, 8 taxa were evaluated as data deficient (26.7 %). In general, according to the present study and previous studies, 66 near-endemics are evaluated, of these: 27 endangered (40.9 %), 16 critically endangered (24.2 %), 8 vulnerable (12.1 %), 8 data deficient (12.1 %), 2 rare (3.0 %), 4 extinct (6.1 %) and 1 least concern (1.5 %).