الفهرس 
Administrative division and PopulationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
Groundwater is a major environmental non-renewable resource, and its quality degradation is an issue of significant societal and environmental concern. The quality of groundwater is critical in the regions that are characterized by a semi-arid/arid climate and dominated by agricultural activities; the water quality is generally affected by diffuse contamination originating from intensive irrigated agriculture So this study demonstrated the usefulness and the effectiveness of the parametric statistics, non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Thiel–Sen trend analyses, and the P-Spline modeling that were integrated to clarify the status and the trends of spatiotemporal variations of the groundwater quality indicators in the three eastern districts of the Gharbiya governorate (Egypt). The study area covers the three eastern districts of the Gharbiya governorate, Egypt, located in the middle Delta region: Al-Mehala Al-Kubra, Samannoud, and Al-Santa covering an area of about 807 km2 of the Nile delta.