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العنوان
RISK MITIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION USE OF RUNOFF WATER IN SOME WADIS IN THE EASTERN DESERT OF EGYPT \
المؤلف
Ahmed, Mona Mohamed Hamdy Mostafa Sayed.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / منى محمد حمدي مصطفى سيد أحمد
مشرف / محمود محمد أبو النصر
مشرف / كمال فريد سعد
مشرف / سامح عطيه محمد صقر
تاريخ النشر
2018.
عدد الصفحات
415 p. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
الدكتوراه
التخصص
الهندسة البيئية
تاريخ الإجازة
10/3/2018
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - معهد البيئة - العلوم الهندسية
الفهرس
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Abstract

Egypt is currently suffering from water shortages and this shortage is expected to increase significantly as a result of increased population growth, agricultural activities, industrial activities, demands’ needs of development and new projects.
The main source of water in Egypt is the Nile River. Since Egypt’s share of water from the Nile is might be affected by the construction of Renaissance Dam of Ethiopia and other dams in Ethiopia and other Nile Basin countries. Other water resources: groundwater, rainfall, etc. not exploited optimally, while every DROP of water should be exploited and maximized.
Although the Government has begun water recycling and desalination projects to overcome water shortages, the amount of water is still insufficient. As a result, Egypt should consider exploiting any possible water resources that can contribute to provide any amount of water, no matter this amount is small or large.
Therefore, it has been thought to exploit the untapped and wasted water and make the best use of it. Surface water runoffs (floods) are important water source. The most important areas affected by the floods are Sinai and the Eastern Desert, which have sufficient source of water untapped.
Eastern Desert of Egypt is filled of wadis which are subjected to sudden rains that turn into huge floods that flow to the ground and dry either by leaking through the soil or through evaporation without being exploited and thus a large amount of water is lost. In addition, they pose a threat to villages and cities. Over the years, these floods have caused disasters that have claimed human lives and damaged vegetation, livestock and infrastructure.
Since Egypt needs every DROP of water, the storage of flood water may cover part of these needs. It will also reduce the risks to and contribute to the development of villages and cities, as well as the artificial recharge of groundwater reservoirs, and provide water in times of drought.
In this thesis, the floods in four Wadis of Eastern Desert of Egypt were examined. The four Wadis are: Wadi Abu Ghusun, Wadi Al-Nakheil, Wadi Al- Assuity, and Wadi Qena. The examinations of the four Wadis study how to take advantage of water storage, and the methods of protection and mitigation of the risks and disasters that can cause them by proposing solutions and models for water conservation and its uses in development sustainable environments. This thesis also examined the environmental impact assessment of these solutions in water storage areas in the basins under study.
Thesis Objectives
1. Climatologic Analysis to determine the amounts of rainfalls and run-off.
2. Quantitative geomorphology to determine characteristics of each of the four wadis in the study area and its risks of flooding through defining the hydrological parameters with respect to the order bifurcation ratio, frequency of drainage density for major basins using topographic maps, remote sensing maps, geographic and hydro-geologic maps, and mining locations.
3. Means of runoff mitigation means to protect the villages and cities from its risks.
4. Optimum use of runoff water through construction of water harvesting means such as check dams, flood spreading bunds, collection ponds, cisterns, and dams.
5. Environmental impact assessment to define the impacts of water harvesting means on the surrounding environment.
Conclusion
In this thesis, four Wadis in the Eastern Desert were studied, evaluated. The Wadies are: Wadi Abu Ghusun, Wadi Al- Nakheil, Wadi Al- Assuity, and Wadi Qena. The following conclusions were achieved:
The volume of floods directed to the Nile River or Red Sea, were estimated and evaluated. Total volume runoff of the four Wadis, are: total volume runoff of Wadi Abu Ghusun = 330,815.0574 m3, total volume runoff of Wadi Al- Nakheil = 2,469,420.825 m3, total volume runoff of Wadi Al- Assuity = 4,354,242.664 m3, total volume runoff of Wadi Qena = 119,930,499.6 m3. The grand total volume runoff of the Four Wadis = 127,084,978.1464 m3.
Climate conditions of the study area were evaluated and volume of rainfall and runoff water, which threatens the civil compounds located on the outlets of the four basins, was estimated.
The geomorphological characteristics of the four study Basins were studied, evaluated and determined.
The risks and threats of those basins through making use of the floods of water as access water source were mitigated.
Storing of flooding water through constructing water harvesting facilities, such as: check dams, flood spreading bunds, cisterns, collection ponds, storage dams, and others, were optimized. The stored water will be used in irrigation, animal husbandry, keeping the surrounding areas from drought, development of the surrounding areas, and keeping on the sustainable development.
The relation between the annual rainfall depth and the return period is inversely proportional annual, i.e. if the rainfall increase, the return period become longer and vise versa. In Wadi Abu Ghusun, the monthly rainfall of 9.60 mm is expected to occur each 13 years which a probability of 7.69 %; while the monthly rainfall of 1.40 mm can occur every 2.17 years with a probability of accidence equal to 46.08 %.
In Wadi Al- Nakheil, the monthly rainfall of 20 mm is expected to occur each 13 years which a probability of 7.69 %; while the monthly rainfall of 1.60 mm can occur every 1.63 years with a probability of accidence equal to 61.35 %.
In Wadi Al- Assuity, the monthly rainfall of 24 mm is expected to occur each 13 years which a probability of 7.69 %; while the monthly rainfall of 0.10 mm can occur every 1.63 years with a probability of accidence equal to 61.35 %.
In Wadi Qena, the monthly rainfall of 30 mm is expected to occur each 13 years which a probability of 7.69 %; while the monthly rainfall of 0.30 mm can occur every 1.44 years with a probability of accidence equal to 69.44 %.
Suggested engineering solutions of water harvesting means were proposed to be applied.
The environmental impacts of water storage means (projects) were studied and assisted and the mitigation of those impacts were proposed.