الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to diagnose bovine blood parasites (babesiosis, theileriosis and anaplasmosis) in El-fayoum province by using direct smear examination and PCR technique.
Among 200 animals infected with ticks in different locations, 132 cattle showing clinical signs were examined microscopically. Fifty samples from them were examined by PCR. Blood samples were collected from animals of veterinary clinic with owner complain The blood collected from ear vein of each animal for direct smear and from Jugular vein in EDTA containing tubes for PCR.
Examination of Giemsa stained blood smears with oil immersion lens revealed intra-erythrocytic Babesia species in blood samples of examined cattle. One form of Babesia species was detected, large intra-erythrocytic double pyriform (pear shaped) of Babesia bigemina joined with an acute angle within the centre of the mature erythrocyte.
Large number of blood smears showed intra erythrocytic chromatin like dots of anaplasma marginale. Also, revealed intra-lymphocytic and/or intra-erythrocytic stages of Theileria and Theileria-like organisms as a result of multiplication of Theileria parasites, both macroschizonts and microschizonts were found in some of clinically infected cattle.
Blood film examination revealed that the infection rate with Babesia species were 10.5% (21/200) in cattle. Also, the prevalence of Theileria species was 9.5% (19/200) of cattle while prevalence of Anaplasma 21.0% (42/200). So, it detected higher prevalence of both Anaplasma and Babesia in cattle.
A total of 50 blood samples were examined by PCR. The confirmed Babesia bigemina infections were 18% (9/50) while Babesia bovis was 0% (0/50).These results revealed that Babesia bigemina was the most prevalent Babesia species in El-Fayoum province.
The confirmed Theileria annulata infections were 6.0% (3/50).These results indicated that the incidence of T. annulata is low in El-Fayoum province.
The confirmed Anaplasma marginale infections were 28% (14/50) which indicate high prevalence of anaplasmosis in El-Fayoum province. These results revealed that Babesia infection rates among selected cattle were 10.5% and 18% by microscopic examination and by PCR, respectively. While, on the other hand, Theileria infection rates among selected cattle were 9.5% and 6.0% by microscopic examination and by PCR, respectively. While, results revealed that Anaplasma infection rates among selected cattle were 21.0% and 28.0% by microscopic examination and by PCR, respectively.
Concerning the genetic diversity, the examined samples showed a great variation with the GenBank isolates in the major surface protein–1b encoding gene. Moreover, many variations among the examined samples were noticed. Therefore, genetic diversity of Anaplasma Marginale in the examined samples is of a great interest.
Conclusion:
1) Among 200 animals infected with ticks in different locations 132 cattle showing clinical signs.
2) 200 blood film examination revealed that the infection rate with Babesia species were 10.5% (21/200) in cattle. Also, the prevalence of Theileria species was 9.5% (19/200) of cattle while prevalence of Anaplasma 21.0% (42/200). So, it detected higher prevalence of both Babesia and Anaplasma in cattle
3) A total of 50 blood samples were examined by PCR. Theileria annulata infections were 6.0% (3/50), anaplasma marginale infections were 28% (14/50) and Babesia bigemina infections were 18% (9/50) while Babesia bovis were 0% (0/50).
4) Sequence analysis of Anaplasma Marginale revealed a great
diversity in major surface protein–1b encoding gene Therefore,
ability of Anaplasma to invade the host immune response should
be considered.
5) Anaplasma Marginale is the major risk of blood parasites in El-Fayoum province.
6) Microscopic examination is conventional method was difficult to perform and time consuming to identify piroplasmic form within the erythrocytes from carrier animals which ultimately increase the chances of getting false negative or false positive results.
7) Diagnostic method having high sensitivity and specificity than
routinely using serological and microscopic examination is the
molecular method (polymerase chain reaction [PCR.