الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Gonorrhea is a major worldwide health problem. It is the major cause of sexually transmitted infection reported from genitourinary medicine clinics. So prompt diagnosis of gonorrhea is important to ensure appropriate specific treatment and reduce the occurrence of complications. This relies on either presumptive identification in Gram stained smear from urethral exudate in male and or successful growth of N. gonorrhea in culture to determine colonial morphology and oxidase reaction, Gram stain and carbohydrate fermentation pattern. Rapid methods of diagnosis have been evaluated extensively including either direct detection of antigen in clinical specimens or confirmation of isolates. However, these methods did not offer advantages over the Gram stain in cases of male urethritis. The wide spread distribution of resistance to penicillin and other commQnly used antibiotics makes it important that the susceptibility of isolated gonococci should at least periodically be monitored to confirm that treatment regimens employed are not allowing for increasing resistance. This work has been carried out to determine the incidence of N. gonorrhea among cases of male urethritis as well as the incidence of PPNG strains. Also to detect the susceptibility of isolated strains to the different recommended antimicrobial agent. Urethral swabs were taken from 200 male patients with urethritis symptoms. They had complained of urethral discharge, dysuria and/or frequency of micturation. Their ages ranged fronl 17 to 55 years with a mean of 33.05 years. All individuals were subjected to careful history taking. At the site of - collection two urethral swabs were obtained from each patient using cotton wool swab, one for Gram stained smear and the other one for immediate plating on MTM and MTM ~ithout addition of the antibiotics, then they were incubated in candle extinction jar in 5-10 CO2. The inoculated plates were transported to the laboratory as soon as possible to be reincubated, after spreading of the inoculum, at 37°c also in candle , extinction jar for 24 hours and up to 48 hour. Diagnosis of gonorrhea was made by the presence of Gram negative intracellular diplococci in the urethral smear by Gram stained film and/or the isolation of the organism that appeared to be Gram negative diplococci, ! I oxidase positive, fermentation only. and produced acid from glucose All isolates were subjected to antibiogram testing by using the disk diffusion methods and their results were interpreted as susceptible, intermediate susceptible or resistant according the NCCLS (1994). Isolates that showed penicillin resistance were further subjected to p-lactamase testing by nitrocefin sticks test.