الفهرس 
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Abstract
Most of our cases (96.6%) came from low or low-middle
class families.
II Social isol&tion was present in 88% of cases and
severe isolation was more in female cases. It was
due to the disturbed personality of parents in 73%
of cases.
III - F~ily crises occured in 43 (72%) of cases. Broken
hOwe was present in 70% of cases and parental loss
in 21.7%. There was no significant increase in the
incidence of family. crises at any particular period
of the patients’ development except parental loss
Which was significantly higher at adolescence.
certain crises were Significantly higher in male
cases e.g. divorce death of the father or an emotionally
signific&nt person, and frequent absence of
father or mother. Other crises were significantly more
in female cases e.g. death of the mother, imn,igr&tion
and seperation fro~ the family. There was no
significant difference between male and female cases
as regards the incidence of other family crises.
IV Family History: The relatives of schi~ophren1cs showed
cre&tive abilities in 36.6% of families, (True
t\i-- ---~-- ~’--
...,’
creativity in 10% an creative abilities in
26.6%), excessive re igiosity in 30%, mystiC
experiences in 11.7~ excellent achievement in
10% and suicide in 1;% of cases. These conditions
were present Lr 80% of female families, 5~
of mal.e fsn:5.1ies£l!ld 60% of the whole group.
’rhey were not present in the families of control
caBes.
possitive femily history of personality and
character disorder was present in 701> of caBes.
V _ FE-thers of schiZophrenic pb.tients:
_ Mental illness. This waS present in 72% of
fathers. 16.7% were psychoticS and 63~ showed
groSS personality and character disorder. Both
these conditions were much higher in the fathers
of male caseS.
_ Abnorne.1 personE:~ity trw. ts were present in
90% of fathers of nale and in 10~ of fathers
of feruE.le00;5e8. However, the threatening,
brut&t.. F.ggress:’ ve and/ «r re jecting father were
present in 80% of fs”hers of male cases but in 30%
only in fathere of females while the passive~
i.nadequate father was present in 7~ of fathers
oifec
ale
r;ases ’’.1::,(, in 551> of fathers of male Cf..ses.,
Father-patient interaction:
Such feelings as hatred, aggression, hostility
and/or conflicts were present in 70’{.in male cases and
in 30% only in fdrnale cases.
In fem~le cases b symbiotio relation between
father and patient was present in 7~ of cases.
VI - Mothers of schizophrenics:
:!’letal illness: was pre.&-eJrt~-¢:-~- o-:C-!.er
-< ]”--
and inl7. 5% in mothers of male cases. The total
incidence of mental illness amo~ t~e mothers w~s
25% (While among the fathers thiS was 72%).
personality and char~cter disorders were present in
4~ of mothers of female cases and in 12.5% in
mothers ofmale cases. The total incidence was
21.7% (thiS was present in 6~ of fatherS).
Both mental illness and per sonaU ty and
character disorder were higher in fathers than in
mothers and in moth~rs of female than in those of
male cases.
_ overprotective insecure mothers were present in
75% of mothers of male and 90% of those female CR~Gf
~ggressive, ~tgid, domineering mothers ¥ere present
in 2~ 11\ bd+.l.\..ale end female cases •
_ A sym~iotic relationship between _other end child
\fas presentin 62.5” ~:t~e- cas.· bU~ vas no1i
present in eny of the !eme.le cases. IN.llI lIueh a
re~LtionshiP \fas present between the father 6ft4 hiS
daughter in 70~ of cases).
VII- F-&t-he-r--Mo-th-er--In-te_r&ct.i.•-on: _ Divorce (5~),seperation (15%),pOlyg~my (23~)
and J,iErentalconfUcte (46~) \fere signi!icently
higher thua in the control group.
_ contradictOry attitudes to\fbrds the preschiZOphreniC
child \fere present in 70% of cases end in l~ in
the control group.
_ Hostility, hatred, disinterest, freqUent quarrels
and open conflicts \fere present in 7~ of male cases.
In femeJ.
e
c6Ses the parental relation \fas chbracteri£
ed by en air of emotioneJ. deadnesS in 701> of
ceas
s
• ThiS amounted to emotional divorce in
50% of cases.
VIII- §iblings of schi£ophrenics:
_ Birthorder:
50% of our cases \fere the eldest or only males.
In femw..
e
c6Ses 50% did not have en elder male sibling”
_ Mental illnesS: \fas present in 23.6~ of the siblingS.
There was no significent difference in the total
incidence of mental illnesS between male end fem~e
c eees.
or the •••••• ~ •••tbe P.tiont ._.d • .1””’’’’’’’’1
hi.
ber
1n.id
en
” 0’ mentel ”””,,, ••0 0’ •••• onel
1tY
end cner£cter disorder ••
,~ .ho••
d
.”.o”,el ” ••tion to tbe
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ht
, 1.01.t10n•• ~•••• 1e. r.,1gLO.1tY•• ,..”.n
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’ ••h,.V••• nt •• r •• t’o1’” ,oho
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•••• _ •••d oello•• n•• •• su.
h
.on«ti ••• ••” .1”.,.,,0 ••”1higher 1n ,.1. th” 10 ,.,el·
_ c.abSees..0hi”’’’’’’o1o .ib11”” .hoV.
d
un,•••• ,e.
tur
•• in
1f11. 0’ •••••••••• d”,er.nt , ••111 rol” .,1ng
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bOrn’ .t ” •• 0’ ,oooil1.ri.1 •• 0.,·t
er10u
• ”tre-
, ••111el .~p.ri.no.. , ~ / or • 01,,·r.
nt
.r ••orh1d
”r.onel1tY. ,,,<fer•nt pr.mo
rbid
•••• on.”tY
v” ” •••••”” ,or tbe d”turb•
d
p”,.nt- .hi”
interactiOn in 3210 of caSeS.
_ •••• re
let10
” 0’ tbe ”hi’O’’’’’’o1o potient to hi·
.1b
ltn
.’ v.
r
’ d1.turb.d 1n ”.~ 1n ,,, ••• d 1n ’””
in fema1.e caSeS. _ .hO 1n
ter
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on
betv••n ,ib”’” v” «.tur
b
•
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41.5’/0 0’ .’” 0.... ..d 10 ,oj. of ,em’” 0•••••
’” _ R.,.
tion
betv’’’’ f~l, .tr.””’’’ ••d 011n1
0
”
tMre v.. • .lgnln,”<” hi.har tn,••·n” ,f’
_ p”,nhop.thi’ t”tt. In tM pat1.nt·. ,hn
dhoO
”
_ Apathy and perceptual disorders.
_ p •••lve InodOqO.t. foth.r’ overorot.otIV’ l00”ur’
mothers and family conflictS.
In f”,
,1
•• of mod.r.t. ’0,10 .,omo.
10
level th.r’
Vle.Ba significantlY higher incidence of :
_ premo
rbid
introvert schizoid personalities.
_ Delusions of persecution and grandeur.
_ Threatening, brutsl, over_demandingfatherS.
_ overinvestment in children.
subcult<uhree-: foIl••••• c,odit10OO vera .lgn”””n”1 high·r
in urben then in rural are e.BI
•••••••lo
n
• Del00
1000
• per,.pt.” dl.0rder•• sool.’ 1.0,.”°0.
’hro.
te
”””” brut” f.ther•• p •••lV’ tn••eq••t
e
fatMr ••
...,.••l
ve
••••••erin• mother’ . end porent., oonfl
ict
•.
<h. onl, conditIon th,t v” .1gn1fi,””f hlghar In
rural then in urban areaS VIase:ltcit-am
ent
•
2 _ Sn
c1
” 1.01Otion’ Although thare 1. no d.fini
te
.”,co-
-tlo81 oorrel.ti-on. fet our re••
,t
• polO
t
to • higo
er
tno
id
•
nc
, of the fol10vin. oooditio
n
• In .ev
ere1
y
isolated families:
_ NeurotiC traits in the patients’ChildhOOd.
_ premorbid sohiBOi4 and paranoid personalities.
_ EXcitement, aggression. 4elus1ons ot reterence and
persecution.
_ Frequent hospitaliBstion and severe deterioration.
_ !hreatening brutal fathers.
_ Family conflicts.
3 ~ Relig~osity:
In religiouS families there was a significantly
higher incidence of healthy inter personal relations
and a significantly lower incidence of family conflicts
and of disturbed eciancip~tion of children.
4 - Deterioration:
There Was a statistically significant correlation
between severe deterioration and the occurrence of
family crises in the patient’s early childhood.
There was also a higher incidence of the following
conditions in cases of severe deterioration:
Low socio-economic level, low education of fathers,
low religiosity of the family, Social isolation.
and a threatening brutal father. severe deterio”
ration was less in cases of frequent absence of
father.
•
5 _ l~ther - Mother inter-~ctionl
The following conditions were significantly higher
in P
l
( a threatening brutal father and an overproteotive
insecure Bother):
_ perso
nLlity
disorder in thepatient’s childhood.
_ a premorbid parsnoid personality.
_ associated obsessive symptoms.
In P2 (a pessive inadequate father and an over inseoure mother) the following oonditions showed a
Signifioantly higher incideno
el
_ a premorbid schizoid personLliy.
_ apathy, and formal thought disorder.
6 _ parental personEclity Treits;
There wes a signifioant oorrelation between the
follOWing conditions:
A threatening brutal father and delusions of
perseoution.
_ A passive inadequE.te father and the presenoe of
aggression end excitement.
A rigid, dooineering~ rejecting mother andI
AI del-
- usions of persecution, B/ ~gression and excitement.
parental rejeotion and delUsions of persecution •
.,_ Ap6t&: There w£.S a signifioant corrlation between
a.pa.thyand low socio-econolllic level of the fSlllily.
Apathyshoweda significantly higher incidence in
pattern 2. ( a passive_in&dequr..tefather and en over
protective insecure mother).
8 _ !Orlllel thougnt disorder:
There was a Significflllt ct)~etion between fort:lal
thought disorder and the following conditions:
_ ’2 ( ••••• <v. ”’ ••••••••••••• r an’ an ov.rt’ro’.dti”
insecure lllother)•.
_ parental re~ection.
9 _ perceptual disorders:
These were SignificantlY’ higher in urban and in low
socio-econo1ll1clevel fSllliliee and showedno significent
correlation with other variables in f8l:lily
structure end dynamics. ’
10- Exc1telllent end Mtejrese~.on: were signifiCenly
higher in the following conditions:
Urben cases. Ileverely isolated ff.<til11ies.passive
inadequate fathers. Rigid dOlllineeringlllothers.
~elusions: There was a significantly higher incidence of
delusions in urban cases.
_ Delusions of persecution end grandeur were
significantly higher in middle class tamili.s.
Delusions of reference and persecution were
significantly higher in ceaes ot severe social
isolation.
Delusions of persecution were significantly
higher in cases of the rejecting, domineering
mother and the threatening brutal father.
x - Family Processes in schi2:ophre~:
We found the following family processes to be
frequent in our ceaes:
The commonest pattern of interaction lj1etwith in
our male cases was that of a mentally sick father
(72’1», showing abnormal traits in his reaction
to his son (90%) e.g. being threatening and brutal
(80%) or passive end inadequate (55~)•
Consequently the father-son interaction is
disturbed and he is driven to a symbiotic
relationship to his mother (62.5~)•
The commonest pattern in female cases was that of
an inadequate passive father in his relation to his
family end wife end who falls into a symbiotic
relation with his doughter (70%).
_ eont:u41ctor1 aU1W4oe et f81’eB’. 1;oweX’d.
preecb110ph~en1. ehi14 were pre.ent 1a 7~ ef
cases.
FeeudoQutualiV with • feeling of guilt end
anxiety on seperation or 41verge~ce was present
in 55” of temale casee end in 15” of male CUlse.
_ EJ[aggerrated parental expectations were present
in 47.5” of male and 20% of female caseS. end
destructive possessiveness in 41” of caseS.
Family skew was present in }7.5” of mele end
family schiZlll in 7CY/> of felllale cases.
paranoid ideation was present in 10% of male and
}~ of female femilies.
_ Domin&tion_ Submission patterns between parents
were present in 32.5” of all cases, emotional
divorce in 41” of &llcases end reversal of
parental roles in 35” ot male cases.