الفهرس 
Physiology of painOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The use of intrathecal or epidural opioids has ”been recommended for relief of post operative pain including post operative pain after cesarean section .Tramadol, a relatively new, centrally acting analgesic drug has a low•but preferential activity at opioid receptors, and also inhibits both noradrenaline and 5-hydroxyl tryptamine (5-HT) neuronal reuptake, and facilitates 5-HT release, thus it has been advocated as an analgesic, without respiratory depression.Previous studies have shown that epidural tramadol can produce effective post operative analgesia in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery without any serious side effects.