الفهرس 
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Abstract
The most important danger of clinical anaesthesia is tissue
hypoxia. The common specific causes are mishaps reducing the
inspired oxygen concentration, accidental circuit dsiconnection,
upper air way obstruction misplacement of an endotracheal tube
and hypoventilation.
Clinical signs ofhypoxaemia may be rise in the heart rate
followed by bradycardia, various cardiac arrhythmaias and
finally cardiac arrest. Convulsions can occur with profound
hypoxaemia. Cyanosis may appear in the skin and muscous
membranes with oxygen saturation less than 75%.
Arterial oxygenation can be measured non invasively by :-
1- Transcutaneous POz monitor:
It measures oxygen tension at surface of the skin with a
clark type PO electrade.
2- Ear oximetry:
Ear oximeters estimate the percent oxygen saturation at
arterial haemoglobin from the transmission of light through
arterialized capillaries ofthe external ear.
3- Pulse oximetery :
It measures arterial oxygen saturation in relation to the
systolic expansion of the vascular bed.
The invasive monitors are sampling of and arterial blood for
Pa02 and oxygen saturation , also intravascular Clark-type P02
electrodes.
In this review we are going to disscuse oxygen carriage in
the arterial blood and different methods for measuring arterial
oxygenation.