الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Thyroidectomy is one of the most common operations performed throughout the world and it has a low morbidity if performed by skilled surgical teams. The conventional thyroidectomy normally requires a long collar incision, usually 6-10-cm in length, wide skin flaps on the anterior neck, and a long midline opening of the strap muscles to provide exposure of the thyroid gland, regardless of the extent of thyroidectomy planned. Several techniques for minimally invasive thyroidectomy have been described with the primary aim of obtaining better cosmetic results. These include minimally invasive total endoscopic approaches with constant gas insufflation, minimally invasive video-assisted gasless thyroidectomy (MIVAT), and minimally invasive nonendoscopic thyroidectomies performed through a minimal incision with conventional retraction. Endoscopic approaches to the thyroid can be performed using direct or indirect approaches. The direct approaches place the access ports within the cervical region. On the other hand, indirect approaches include the anterior chest wall approach, the breast approach, and the transaxillary approach. The minimally invasive thyroidectomy is recommended as it seems to be safe, effective, associated with improved cosmesis, less postoperative pain and morbidity, and reduced hospital stay.