الفهرس 
Introduction
Pathology of bone metastasesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In this thesis a study was carried out on a total of 451 patients with histopathologically proven bladder cancers. They were studied in order to assess the value of pre-operative bone scan in the eal’l.y detection of metastases and in staging of the malignant process. The results were similar to those previously published in that, bone scan is a vel’Y sensitive and is l’el.iabl.e t88t, however, it has a pOOl’ spe- cificity and so care must be taken while reporting a positive scan, particularly when the scintigraphic pattern is not highly suggestive of metastases (as in the case of solitary hot area). Traumatic, inflammatory and degene~ative lesions we~e excluded as being possible causes of hot areas in bone scan. , . Positive scan was cor~elated with p~esence of bone pain, bioche- mical assays, conventional radiog~aphs, tuoo~ histopathologic type, stage and grade. Bone scan appears to be a oore sensitive and ~eliable para~ter than merely conside~ing the presence o~ absence of pain. Bone pain was absent in about 65% of cases with positive scans at the time of initial p~esentation. however, it was present in 10% of cases with initially negative scan who subsequently developed ~tastases. Biochemical assays were generally of little value. Half of the cases with positive scan escaped conventional ~adiologic diagnosis. A total incidence of positive scan of (8.2%) was detected in bladder cance~s of diffe~ent histopathologic groups.