الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In recent decades .cognitive approaches have arguably had the most influence on psychological research on depression .Cognitive models of depression emphasize that people get depressed primarily because of the way they thmk In Beck’s (1967 ,I9M7 jcognmvc theory of depression, noncndogcnous depress ron results ’from the activation of a depressive self schema. Self schemas , arc described as organized representauons of an individual’s prior experiences, particularly early childhood experiences I lowcvcr schemas have tended to be operationalizcd as tacit beliefs For instance .a depressive self schema might contain the bchef ”If I am not loved and accepted by all human beings then I am worthless .. In the case of a depressive-vulnerable individual, these negative beliefs arc prumuve, excessive , and rigid These self-schemas are viewed as stable but latent until activated by SOCIal stressors . A social stressor capable of activating the previous example of a dysfunctional belief might include a life event involving interpersonal rejection Once a depressive schema is activated by a stressful life event . the activated schema has two consequences , one influencing thmkrng content and the other influencing thinking process. First, the content of the depressed person’s think mg becomes negative characterized by a cogmtrve triad consisting of negative beliefs about the self. the world, and the future . Second , a systematic bras and distortion in information processing results, with the depressed person being particularly prone to committing a variety of cogrutive distortions and errors in reasoning (e.g. arbitrary inference, dichotomous thinking .selective abstraction ). Although Beck did not view all depressions as caused by depressive self-schernasu.e. endogenous depression may be an exception), he did view the cognitive triad and negative informauou-processing bias to be intrinsic features of all depressions (Millon et 01: 1999).