الفهرس 
Historical ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The ancient were aware of jaundice and that it could be associated with obstruction of the common bile duct. (Adams F. 1856) . However, causes and effects were not proved until the end of 18th century, when (Saunders 1797), ligated the common bile duct of a dog and showed an increase in the yellow colour of the semm in the hepatic vein. Saunders also recognized that not all jaundice in humans was associated with obstruction. Neverthless, (Virchow, 1865) more than a half-century later, insisted that all jaundice was obstructive and when it was not grossly visible it was due to catarrhal inflammation of bile ducts. More than while (Eppinger, 1920) during necropsies of jaundiced soldiers who died of battle injuries during world war I, realized that jaundice could be heptocellular in origin. With the widespread application of needle biopsy of the liver during and after world war II many cases were recognized as obstructive- like but arising from viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and drug reactions. These conditions were called intrahepatic obstruction. The word cholestasis was carried by (Berg, 1937) to differentiate accumulation of mucus in the biliary tree after gallstone obstruction (mucostasis) from accumulation of bile under the same circumstances. The tenn was extended to the microscopic appearance of accumulated bile of any cause with the modifiers intrahepatic and extrahepatic, used when the site which cholestasis developed was known (Popper H., et at., 1952) . During the last half of 20th century, the tenn has been fllliher to encompass the clinical, biochemical, and physiologic consequences of whatever led to the accumulation of bile.