الفهرس 
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Abstract
In comparison with the lower limb, ischaemic disorders of the upper extremity are rare, reflecting differences in distribution and behaviour of obliterative arterial disease in the two sites (Stonebridge et al., 1989). Causes of upper limb .ischaemia may be classified according to five main anatomical patterns or levels (Ruckley and Housley, 1992): 1- Generalized systemic cause such as arteritis. 2- Central causes as in the case of emboli originating in the heart. 3- Regional causes at the root of the limb as in ~ thoracic outlet syndrome. 4- Local causes affecting the arteries of the upper arm or forearm such as trauma or irradiation injury. 5- Peripheral disorders affecting the small vessels of the hand.