الفهرس 
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 216 |  |  |
| | | from | 216 | | |
Abstract
The present work intends to benefit from the potential uses of advanced nuclear spectroscopic measurements and their applications in the field of environmental gamma radiations. The thesis contains the following four main chapters: Chapter1 General Introduction ?This chapter includes a number of definitions about the Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) and the technically enhanced one (TENORM). It includes also sufficient information about the different radiation sources and their environmental impacts. The pervious related work about gammaray spectroscopic measurements including NORM and TENORM samples as well as building materials are presented in detail in this chapter. Also, this chapter includes the aim of the present work. Chapter2 Experimental Techniques ?This chapter includes, description of the used spectroscopic systems which are: Xray diffraction (XRD), Xray fluorescence (XRF), and HPGe gamma ray spectrometer. The energy and efficiency calibrations of the HPGe spectrometer are also presented. Also includes the different standards used for calibrations as well as the preparation samples for ?ray spectrometry measurements, different theoretical calculation of statistical error and different equations used in calculations of radioactivity levels and various radiation indices. Chapter3 Measuring Procedures ?This chapter includes description for all the test samples from environment and certain industries as well as treatment of samples. Also, includes the optimization of the different factors affecting operational conditions of the measuring setup. It is important to notice that the study show that the test sample weight may be not less than 100 g and counting time not less than 120 minute. In the end of this chapter, monazite sample was standardized using different certified reference materials provided from International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria.