الفهرس 
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Abstract
Sage is an herb crop; its leaves are used in the medicinal industry for many disease treatments such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s, high cholesterol, and many other benefit usages. It is used as a common spice and as a fragrance former in soaps, etc. Sage plants are subjected to infection with several pathogens, fungi, bacteria, viruses, or nematodes. Seedling damping-off and root rot/ wilt induced by Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Macrophomina phaselina are considered harmful infected diseases that cause major losses in the production and quality of sage crops in many world countries.
Commercial private common sage fields were surveyed for the 2018-2019 winter season to determine the infection with root rot and wilt at Maghagha (Abbad Sharouna) and Deyr Mawas (Dalga) districts, El-Minya Governorate (middle Egypt). The percentages of diseased incidence and severity ranged between 7 - 17.8% and 3.44-9.44%, respectively. The highest DI% showed in Dagla village (16.8%) than 7.7% in Abbad Sharouna, whereas, disease severity was 9.44% in Dalga, but it was 3.44% in Abbad Sharouna village.
Naturally infected sage plants were collected from Minia, Maghagha, Malawi, Matai, and Dayr Mawas districts and were used to isolate the associated fungal pathogen with symptoms. Twenty-three fungal isolates, belonging to 8 different species, viz. of Fusarium solani (7 isolates), Rhizoctonia solani (3 isolates), Macrophomina phaseolina (4 isolates), Sclerotium sp. (3 isolates), two isolates of each Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer, and one isolate of Alternaria alternata and Mucor sp. were isolated. Fusarium solani was the most dominant fungus, followed by M. phasiolina, then Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium sp. The highest frequency of fungi was obtained from Abbad Sharona village, followed by Minia and Dalga village. Fusarium solani and R. solani were isolated from infected plants collected from samples obtained from Abbad Sharona, Maghagha, and Minia districts, whereas Macrophomina phaseolina was isolated from samples obtained from Malawi, Abbad Sharouna, and Dalga, whereas Sclerotium sp. was isolated from Abbad Sharouna and Dalga.
Pathogenicity test revealed that R. solani, followed by F. solani and M. phaseolina induced the highest disease incidence and severity. Whereas, Aspergillus flavus, A alternata, Scleroium sp., R. stolonifer, and Mucor sp. caused disease incidence and severity ranged between 2.78-19.44% and 1.11–5.00%, respectively.
Under laboratory conditions, the culture filtrates of 7-day-old Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina cultures, significantly reduced the percentages of sage seed germination, plume, and radicle lengths when compared with control treatment. The vigor index was reduced from 17.28 (control) to 1.57, 2.81, and 3.76% when seeds were treated with culture filtrates of the tested fungi.
The mycelial growth of three different tested fungi was significantly inhibited when exposed to UV-C for different periods; 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds if compared with the control treatment. The growth inhibition increased gradually with increasing the time of UV- C exposure, whereas the highest mycelial fungal growth inhibition was recorded when the fungi were exposed for 120 sec. to UV radiation.
The growth of the root rot/wilt pathogens was reduced when the medium was amended with ZnO- and CuO-nanoparticles. The maximum reduction of F. solani R. solani and M. phaseolina growth was shown at the maximum nanoparticle concentration (250 ppm) tested. CuNPs are slightly more affected on the mycelial growth of the pathogen’s mycelial growth than ZnONPs.
Under open field conditions, insignificant differences in DI and DS% were shown when cuttings of sage were immersed in culture filtrates of F. solani, R. solani, and M. phaseolina after 30 days of sowing. While significant differences in DI and DS% of wilt and root rot symptoms were shown after 90 days from sowing. The maximum increase of root rot/ wilt incidence (97.2, 94.4, and 58.3%) and severity (91.1, 90.7, and 57.6%, respectively) was recorded 90 days after sowing.
Immersing cuttings of sage in UV-C pre-exposed fungal suspensions of F. solani (isolate Fs3), R. solani (isolate Rs9), or M. phaseolina (isolate Mp11) reduced the percentages of disease incidence and severity compared with untreated mycelial suspensions. No significant differences were recorded between F. solani and R. solani suspensions, while it was significant in case suspension of M. phaseolina. The maximum reduction in both DI% and DS% was recorded when sage cuttings were immersed in fungal suspensions pre-exposed to UV-C for 90 and 120 seconds.
Cuttings of sage treated with UV-C radiation led to a decrease in the incidence and severity of sage root rot/wilt when compared with those non-treated cuttings. The percentages of healthy growing plants gradually increased with increasing the time of exposure up to 120 seconds in comparison with the control treatment.
Adding VA mycorrhizae to the soil, before or after inoculation with the pathogen reduced the disease incidence. When VAmycorrhzae was added to the pathogen-infested soil, the reduction of disease incidence and severity percent induced by F. solani, R. solani, and M. phaseolina was significantly lower than adding VAM fungi before the pathogen inoculation.
Vegetable parameters of sage plant; plant fresh wt., root and shoot length, and crop characters; the number of branches, number of leaves, and fresh and dry weights. Of leaves were improved by the application of VA mycorrhizae fungi, before soil inoculation with the pathogen when compared with untreated VAM plants. Application of CuONPs at 50-250 ppm decreased sage root rot and wilt. The highest reduction of disease incidence and severity was noticed when the compound was applied b 250 ppm.
Crop characters and vegetable plant parameters were significantly improved by immersing sage cuttings in suspension of CuONPs (250 ppm). Two to three-fold in plant fresh weight, root, and shoot length, number of branches, and fresh and dry weights than non-treated plants.
Application of either VAM or CuONPs for controlling the root rot disease of sage reduced the DI% and DS%. The percentages of disease incidence and severity reduction were the lowest when CuONPs were used than VAM treatment at 30 days after sowing. Inverse versa when data were obtained after 90DAS, where VAM treatments insignificantly decreased the DI% and DS% more than CuONPs. Using VAM fungi and CuONPs (250 ppm) in combination as a treatment for controlling sage root rot disease caused by F. solani, R. solani, and M. phaseolina was the best application than either VAM or CuONPs alone. In most cases, Redomil plus fungicide followed by integration between VAM and CuONPs treatments gave the lowest infection and severity percentages in comparison with the infected control.
All sage vegetable parameters and crop characters were increased in plants treated with CuONPs or VAM. Applying VAM in combination with CuONPs together, significantly increased plant parameters and crop characters, i.e., fresh weight (5 folds), and the crop characters were increased by 3-5 folders, in soil infested with F. solani or M. phaseolina and 4.7 folds in soil infested with R. solani in comparison with the pathogen infestation. Applying VAM or CuONPs, alone or in combination improved the formation of sage inflorescence. No inflorescences were formed either in control or on plants treated with the fungicide Redomil.