الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
• After the estimations, it was found that the highest content of antioxidant compounds was in S. alba extract with ethanol, while F. vulrare leaves were with ethyl acetate.
• The group that received NaNO2 treatment experienced a reduction in body weight gain of around 24.66% compared to the control group. The group treated with BHT experienced a reduction of about 20% in body weight gain compared to the oil control group. Whereas, treated groups with F. vulgare in combination with NaNO2 or BHT groups showed an increase in body weight gain when compared to NaNO2 or BHT groups severally. On the other hand, treated groups with S. alba in combination with NaNO2 or BHT groups did not ameliorate the body weight gain compared to NaNO2 and BHT groups severally.
• The liver’s relative weight in the BHT-treated group grew significantly (p < 0.05) by approximately 16% compared to the oil control group. Additionally, the spleen’s relative weight in the NaNO2-treated group increased significantly (p < 0.05) by approximately 47% compared to the control group. When treated with extracts from S. alba and F. vulgare, the relative weight of the liver and spleen decreased. The kidney and heart weights did not show any significant differences compared to the control group in any treatment conditions.
• NaNO2-treated rats appeared to have a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in Hb, RBCs, HCT, MCH, MCHC, and PLTs compared with the control group by about 22.28, 12.96, 13.12, 12.83, 5.81, and 64.43%, respectively, while WBCs and MCV were significantly (p < 0.05) increased about 75.19 and 12.04%, respectively compared with the control group. Treated with our extracts to ameliorate all these parameters, S. alba leaves extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased Hb, RBCs, HCT, MCH, and PLTs by about 15.52, 12.95, 14.41, 11.36, and 163.06%, respectively, it also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased WBCs and MCV by about 21.84 and 8.05%, respectively compared with NaNO2 group. F. vulgare leaves extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased Hb, RBCs, HCT, MCH, and PLTs by about 14.52, 13.48, 11.19, 12.63, 135.98%, respectively, it also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased WBCs and MCV by about 24.67 and 11.25%, respectively compared with NaNO2 group. On the other hand, BHT-treated rats appeared a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in Hb, RBCs, HCT, MCH, MCHC, and PLTs compared with the oil control group about 9.04, 5.76, 2.79, 4.78, 5.80 and 46.47%, respectively, while WBCs and MCV were significantly (p < 0.05) increased about 25.58 and 8.90%, respectively compared with the oil control group. Treated with our extracts ameliorate all these parameters, S. alba leaves extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased Hb, RBCs, HCT, MCH, MCHC, and PLTs by about 21.2, 6.28, 15.59, 12.55, 5.40, and 127.95%, respectively, it also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased WBCs and MCV by about 14.45 and 7.41%, respectively compared with BHT group. F. vulgare leaves extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased Hb, RBCs, HCT, MCH, MCHC, and PLTs by about 8.94, 4.54, 3.19, 5.13, 5.86 and 123.33%, respectively, it also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased WBCs and MCV by about 11.04 and 5.36%, respectively compared with BHT group.
• The rats who received NaNO2 showed significantly (P < 0.05) elevated blood serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP markers compared to the control group. The estimated increases in these markers were 28.63%, 23.29%, and 11.06%, respectively, compared to the control group. Nevertheless, treated groups with ethanol S. alba and ethyl acetate F. vulgare leaves extracts showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of about 21.41% and 3.39% in serum ALT levels, respectively. Similarly, the AST levels were significantly (P < 0.05) diminished by about 14.25% and 1.73%, respectively. Additionally, the elevation of ALP levels was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by about 8.69% and 2.40%, respectively, these reductions were observed compared to the NaNO2 group. On the other hand, rats given BHT had significantly higher serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP indicators (P < 0.05) than the oil control group, with estimated increases of 83.82, 17.24, and 13.17%, respectively. Nevertheless, the serum levels of these biomarkers exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) decline in rats treated with ethanol S. alba and ethyl acetate F. vulgare leaf extracts, in comparison to the BHT-treated group. Specifically, serum ALT levels were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by approximately 48.43% and 45.6%, respectively, while AST levels were significantly (P < 0.05) diminished by about 18.33% and 12.66%, respectively, and ALP levels of elevation were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by about 17.74 and 13.79%, respectively in treated groups with ethanol S. alba and ethyl acetate F. vulgare leaves extracts, respectively compared with the BHT group.
• NaNO2 group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels of about 17.41, 70, and 72.73%, respectively compared to the control group. S. alba with NaNO2 treated group significantly (p < 0.05) decreased these markers by about 8.73, 26.47, and 34.21%, respectively compared to NaNO2 treated group, while F. vulgare with NaNO2 treated group significantly (p < 0.05) decreased urea, creatinine and uric acid level by about 4.85, 11.76 and 15.79%, respectively compared to NaNO2 treated group. On the other hand, the BHT group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels of about 18.1, 30, and 45%, respectively compared to the oil control group. S. alba extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced these elevation of serum by about 18.11, 25.64, and 29.31%, respectively compared to BHT treated group. Whereas F. vulgare extract significantly (p > 0.05) reduced that elevation of serum by about 12.27, 20.51, and 21.84%, respectively compared to BHT treated group.
• Rats treated with NaNO2 exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in levels of TC, TG, and LDL by approximately 51.9%, 92.5%, and 95.4% respectively, in contrast, the level of HDL was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by approximately 34.2% compared to the control group. The groups treated with ethanol S. alba showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in TG levels by 16.77%. Conversely, the groups treated with ethyl acetate F. vulgare showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in TC levels by 7.4% and TG levels by 32.06%, additionally, HDL levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by approximately 34.39% compared to the NaNO2-treated group. Simultaneously, rats that were administered BHT, resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase of about 10.73%, 22.49%, and 33.66% in the levels of TC, TG, and LDL, respectively, conversely, there was a significant (p < 0.05) DROP of approximately 20.18% in the level of HDL compared to the oil control group. The groups treated with ethanol S. alba extract showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in TC (12.34%), TG (20.42%), and LDL (23.70%). However, the ethyl acetate extract from F. vulgare showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in TC by 19.55%, TG by 18.99%, and LDL by 28.92% compared to the group treated with BHT.
• In the heart tissue of rats, NaNO2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased MDA relative to the control group by about 86.53%, while significantly (P < 0.05) decreasing GSH, CAT, and SOD relative to the control group by about 71.21%, 32.69%, and 49.19%, respectively. Whereas, treatment rats with ethanol S. alba extract afforded significant protection against NaNO2 -intoxication with significant (P < 0.05) increase in GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 110.35, 38.56, and 85.18%, respectively, while significant (P < 0.05) decrease in MDA by about 21.44% when compared with NaNO2 treated group. Also, ethyl acetate F. vulgare extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 151.34, 40.23, and 92.1%, respectively, while significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA by about 24.20% when compared with NaNO2 treated group. Furthermore, Rats treated with ethanol S. alba and ethyl acetate F. vulgare extracts alone did not show any alterations in oxidative stress markers as compared to the control group. On the other hand, BHT significantly (P < 0.05) increased MDA level by about 56.75%, while significantly (P < 0.05) decreased GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 23.98, 30.61, and 33.79%, respectively, as compared with the oil control group. Whereas, treatment rats with ethanol S. alba afforded significant protection against BHT -intoxication with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in CAT and SOD levels by about 43.78, and 45.01, respectively when compared with BHT treated group. On the other hand, ethyl acetate F. vulgare extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 16.78, 46.15, and 50.14, respectively, while significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA by about 24.06% when compared with BHT treated group.
• In kidney tissues of rats, NaNO2 had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the levels of MDA increasing them by about 67.29%, additionally, NaNO2 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the levels of GSH, CAT, and SOD by approximately 75.33%, 37.43%, and 42.4% respectively, when compared to the control group. Whereas, treatment rats with ethanol S. alba extract afforded significant protection against NaNO2 -intoxication with significant (P < 0.05) increase in GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 83.69, 50.77, and 51.54%, respectively, while significant (P < 0.05) decrease in MDA by about 19.67 % compared with NaNO2 treated group. On the other hand, ethyl acetate F. vulgare extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 209.9, 48.38, and 21.12%, respectively, while significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA levels by about 32.84% compared with NaNO2 treated group. Furthermore, animals treated with ethanol S. alba and ethylacetate F. vulgare extract alone did not show any alterations in oxidative stress markers as compared to the control group. BHT resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in MDA levels by about 33.73%. Additionally, BHT significantly (P < 0.05) lowered GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by approximately 73.57%, 16.83%, and 38.46% respectively, compared to the control group treated with oil. Whereas, treated rats with ethanol S. alba extract afforded significant protection against BHT-intoxication with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 260.34, 18.77, and 67.65%, respectively, while significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA by about 16.81% when compared with BHT treated group. On the other hand, ethylacetate F. vulgare extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased GSH, CAT, and SOD levels by about 176.81, 27.13, and 68.59%, respectively, while significantly (P < 0.05) decreased MDA by about 18.85% when compared with BHT treated group.
• The histopathological results showed that the leaf extracts of S. alba and F. vulgare alone were safe and did not induce any histopathological changes in the heart or kidneys. However, the heart of rats from group NaNO2 exhibited histopathological changes characterized by marked vacuolization of cardiomyocyte sarcoplasm, focal infiltration of inflammatory cells, and edematous fluid between the cardiomyocytes. Similarly, the kidneys of rats from group NaNO2 displayed severe vacuolar degeneration and necrobiosis in the epithelial lining of renal tubules. On the other hand, the heart of rats from group BHT showed damage marked by vacuolization of the cardiomyocyte sarcoplasm and Zenker’s necrosis of focal myocytes. Additionally, the kidneys in the BHT group exhibited severe vacuolar degeneration of the epithelial and endothelial linings of renal tubules and glomerular tufts, along with perivascular edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. Conversely, treatment with S. alba and F. vulgare leaf extracts provided partial protection and acted as a therapeutic agent, markedly mitigating damage in the hearts and kidneys compared to those of the NaNO2 and BHT groups.
Conclusion
The results of this study highlight the powerful protective benefits of S. alba ethanol and F. vulgare ethyl acetate leaves extracts in mitigating the harmful effects of SN and BHT on the rat heart and kidneys. via modifying the activity of vital antioxidant enzymes and markedly enhancing a variety of biochemical and histopathological indicators.
Recommendations
Public Awareness: Inform consumers and medical professionals about the possible dangers of food additives like BHT and sodium nitrite and highlight the possible protective effects of natural extracts like mustard and fennel leaf in mitigating these risks.
Our Plant Extracts as Potential Therapeutics: Investigate their active components and mechanisms of action to potentially develop natural-based therapies or dietary recommendations.
Strict Food Regulation: It is essential to enforce stricter regulations on food manufacturers using sodium nitrite and BHT to ensure they adhere to internationally approved concentrations, safeguarding public health.