الفهرس 
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Abstract
Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality and the third most common type of cancer overall. 28 percent of CRC cases are caused by rectal cancer. In Egypt it ranks the 6th most common cancer.
The typical protocol for treating patients with locally advanced rectal cancers (LARCs) is total mesorectal excision (TME) after receiving pre-operative neoadjuvant chemotherapy-radiation therapy (nCRT). However the outcomes of nCRT are variable; about 10–20% of patients show the favorable “pathologic complete response” (pCR) and up to 30% of patients having no response in the form of progression or only minimal regression to stable disease.
In this regard, predicting which patient will benefit from nCRT enables the identification of those who are most likely to achieve pathological complete response of the therapy (pCR). And this would protect the non-responders from unnecessary exposure to nCRT so, they can avoid unnecessary side effects of nCRT and receive alternative treatment.