الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The kidney is the key organ that assists the body in managing waste excretion, helping to maintain hemostasis, regulating blood pressure, and detoxifying. Thus, the kidneys are the main organs affected by drugs that are removed and their harmful metabolites, especially those employed in chemotherapy that induce nephrotoxicity.(1)
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity refers to any kidney injury caused by medications. The presentation varies from acute or chronic kidney injury to nephrotic syndrome and electrolyte disturbances, which are linked to glomerular and tubular damage, respectively.(2)
Rapid loss in kidney function is a clinical phenomenon known as acute kidney injury (AKI). The illness has a death rate ranging from 30 to 80% and is brought on by many insults. Despite their complexity, medications may be the cause of acute renal injury in up to 25% of cases.(2)
One of the most potent chemotherapy drugs is cisplatin (CP), which is used to treat a wide range of solid tumors in humans, such as those of the breast, testis, ovary, and head and neck. Nonetheless, one of the main side effects of the medication that limits dosage is nephrotoxicity, which impacts around one-third of individuals undergoing CP therapy. Because of this, CP was chosen to cause AKI in the current study.(2)
Acute kidney injury has a very complicated pathogenesis that includes severe inflammation in addition to damage to tubular and vascular cells. Supportive care, such as renal replacement therapy, is the mainstay of current AKI treatments. More than 50% of AKI patients still die within five years of receiving these treatments. In order to improve the survival rates of individuals with AKI, new treatment approaches and strategies are required.(3)
Over the years, there has been a lot of interest in the treatment of AKI using stem cell-based therapy. The preferred stem cell for cellular treatment of AKI in recent times is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are easy to culture and expand ex vivo, have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunosuppressive properties, and can differentiate into both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal cells.(3)
Oxidative stress is among the most significant processes behind CP nephrotoxicity.Oxidative stress caused by CP triggers inflammation, intracellular mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress ,and apoptosis. In this case, administering an antioxidant such as alfacalcidol (ALFA) may be an effective way to avoid CP nephrotoxicity.(4)
Anatomy of human kidney
Anatomical location
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs that are positioned high on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the spinal column, at the same level as the bodies of the upper three lumbar and twelfth thoracic vertebrae. The right kidney is situated somewhat lower than the left kidney, most likely as a result of the larger liver that covers it (Figure 1 & 2).(5, 6)