الفهرس 
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Abstract
AKI is a widespread and dangerous issue that affects millions and leaves many people dead or disabled. It is characterized by a sudden decline in renal function that causes an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products and, frequently, a decrease in urine output. COVID-19 is an infectious diseasecausedby (SARS-CoV-2 virus). Most individualsaffected with the virus will have mild to moderate respiratory symptoms and recover without the needfor special treatment. Nevertheless, some people will become seriously ill and require medical care. Despite receiving little attention, AKI is one of the most significant COVID-19 consequences. Numerous studies have examined the incidence of AKI among COVID-19 patients in various contexts. However, understanding of AKI risk factors and outcomes are not completely focused on in the literature, especially in Egypt. The main goal of this study is, evaluating the incidence of AKI in COVID-19 patients, showing the most common outcomes, and shedding the light on the associated risk factors.
This study is a retrospective observational study conducted on 296 patients in Isolation unit in Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia governorate, Egypt, in the period between Feb 1, 2022, and Aug 1, 2022. Additionally, Patients, who were included; had a COVID-19 infection confirmed by a positive PCR test, who are 18 years of age or older, admitted to Suez Canal University Hospital, and are willing to accept to be interviewed throughout the study. Collected data included the following:
• Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, and chronic illnesses).
• Cardiorespiratory parameters (oxygen saturation on room air, oxygen supply need, need for MV in ICU patients, and use of cardiac support).
• Baseline investigations (total leucocytic count, lymphocytic count, NLR, serum Na+, serum K+, preexisting baseline SCr, and preexisting eGFR).
According to statistics, the overall incidence of AKI among COVID-19 patients was 53.4% with 18.4% of such patients had RRT initiated. Results indicated that 41.9% of the sample under study were admitted to ICU. On the other hand, the patients’ overall mortality rate was 31.4%. The average LOS in the hospital was 8.473 days, while the average time spent in the ICU was 3.12 days. Add to this, 58.2% of AKI patients had fully recovered their renal functions by the time they were discharged from the hospital. Additionally, 74.2% of patients admitted to ICU established AKI while, AKI took place in only 38.3% of non-ICU patients. Moreover, mortality rate in the whole studied sample hit 31.4%, whereas it represented 47.5% of AKI patients.
Studying the association between the sociodemographiccharacteristics of the studied sample and AKI, it was found that AKI incidence was statistically significant associated with higher age (p=0.003), presence of hypertension (p=0.013) and chronic kidney disease (p<0.001). However, considering the association between the cardiorespiratory parameters of the studied sample and AKI, results revealed that AKI incidence was statistically significant associated with lower oxygen saturation on room air at the time of presentation (p<0.001), mechanical ventilation usage (p=0.017), need for cardiac support (p<0.001) and CORADS class V (p<0.001). Besides, comparison between patients with and without AKI in terms of their laboratory measures highlights that, when compared to patients without AKI, patients with AKI exhibited statistically significantly higher levels of TLC, NLR ratio, serum K+ level, and baseline serum creatinine (p<0.001). As opposed to AKI-free patients, participants with AKI had statistically significantly lower preexisting eGFR (p<0.001).