الفهرس 
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Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide. Over 90% of diabetes mellitus cases are T2DM, a condition marked by deficient insulin secretion by pancreatic islet β-cells, tissue insulin resistance and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. Progression of the disease makes insulin secretion unable to maintain glucose homeostasis, producing hyperglycaemia. Metformin is the first-line drug for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin is also the favoured antidiabetic drug because of its good safety profile and minimal cost. Metformin acts primarily by the suppression of enhanced basal endogenous glucose production in individuals with T2DM through decrease in the hepatic gluconeogenesis. Metformin treatment is accompanied by insulinstimulated systemic glucose disposal, which occurs predominantly in skeletal muscle. Saponins are amphipathic glycosides secondary metabolites which synthesized by many different plant species, have high molecular weight, consisting of a sugar moiety united to a triterpenoid or steroid sapogenins. Saponin has received numerous attention due to their various biological activities that including hepatoprotective, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Saponins have been known to possess the anti-diabetic property and are promising compounds with potential to be developed into new drugs for anti-diabetes. Several anti-diabetic medicinal plants owe their activities to saponins. The saponin induces insulin production, increasing the activity of glucose-6- phosphate, inhibit gluconeogenesis. Our study showed that the impact of Met or/ and Sap in diabetic male rats. Forty rats were divided into 5 groups as the follow: group 1 was normal control rats , group 2 diabetic group was injected i.p. with STZ (30 mg/kg) after the 8th week from eating high fat diet, group 3 was injected i.p. with STZ (30 mg/kg) after the 8th week from eating high fat diet then received metformin (250 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 4 weeks , group 4 was injected i.p. with STZ (30 mg/kg) after the 8th week from eating high fat diet then received saponin (300 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 4 weeks , group 5 was injected i.p. with STZ (30 mg/kg) after the 8th week from eating high fat diet then co-treated with combination of metformin and saponin . The obtained results showed the following : The result showed that the percentage of the total body weight change (b.wt %) in diabetic group was significantly decreased up to 31.94%. Treatment of diabetic rats with Met or sap led to significant improvement in the b.wt % to 71.64%, and 68.19%, respectively. Co-treatment of diabetic group with Met/sap showed markedly increase to 80.15%. Glucose level of the diabetic group has higher glucose level (287.23 ± 4.95). However, treatment with Met or sap in diabetic group has notable decrease in glucose level (141.63 ±3.12) and (152.29 ± 3.32), respectively. Although, treatment with Met/sap showed improvement in glucose level (116.40±2.77) compared to diabetic group markedly. Diabetic group has significant decrease in C-Peptide level (0.03 ± 0.015). Treatment with Met or Sap in diabetic group has significant increase in their C-Peptide level. Also, Co-Treatment with Met/sap in diabetic group has significant increase in their C-Peptide level. Rats that injected with STZ (diabetic group) showed significant increase in serum transaminases ALT and AST (56.72 ± 2.79) , (227.14 ± 8.93), respectively. Due to liver dysfunctions. However, treatment of rats with Met or/and Sap led to significant improvement in the liver functions that evidenced by significant decrease in the serum ALT, AST activities. Diabetic group showed change in their total protein levels (8.11 ± 0.15). Treating of diabetic group with Met or Sap led to significant increase in total protein levels. When co-treated with met/sap led to significant improvement in the total protein levels. Rats that injected with STZ showed significant increase in their urea level. Although, diabetic group when received treatment with Met or/and Sap led to notable decrease in their urea levels to (43.57 ± 3.17), (42.21 ± 3.47) and (40.47±4.01), respectively. Diabetic group has markedly increase in their creatinine levels (0.79 ± 0.02) due to kidney dysfunction. When diabetic group treated with met or sap led to decrease in their creatinine levels. In addition the co-treatment of diabetic group with Met/sap has significant decrease up to (0.52 ± 0.05) when compared to diabetic group. Diabetic group has significant increase in MDA as compared with normal control group. However, the diabetic group that was treated with Met or/and Sap showed significant decreased in their MDA levels. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in diabetic group were significant decrease compared to normal control group. Treatment of rats with Met led to significant improvement in the antioxidants enzymes that evidenced by increase in SOD and CAT activities. In addition when treatment with Sap showed markedly increase in their SOD and CAT levels. Although, diabetic group co- treated with Met/Sap showed notable increase in their SOD and CAT levels (11.79 ± 0.94 ), (79.44 ± 3.90 ) compared to diabetic group.