الفهرس 
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Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is described as a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. It impacts around 2%-to-5% of pregnancies globally causing substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Severe PE is defined as either PE complicated by end-organ dysfunction, such as renal or liver dysfunction, central nervous system disturbances, pulmonary edema, and thrombocytopenia, or PE with systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg or higher on two occasions at least 4 hours apart..
HELLP syndrome is defined differently and has unique features, such as abnormal liver function, moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, disrupted or destroyed erythrocytes on peripheral smear, and symptoms such as nausea, epigastric pain and vomiting. Despite this, it can occasionally be regarded as a form of severe PE.
When fetal weight and/or abdominal circumference are assessed and gestational age, race, and gender have been taken into consideration, fetal growth restriction is described as insufficient fetal growth relative to the predicted growth potential. PE and fetal growth restriction are thought to be caused by placental insufficiency, which results in insufficient utero-placental blood supply. In 6–10% of pregnancies, there is fetal growth restriction. Neurodevelopmental disorders and pregnancy complications including autism, schizophrenia and ADHD are regarded as risks for these fetuses.
The brain’s cortical growth occurs primarily during pregnancy. The construction of primary fissures, such as the hippocampal, transverse, and interhemispheric fissures, precedes the Sylvian fissure, which manifests as shallow depressions on the bilateral surface of the hemispheres during the embryonic stage of brain development. During the third trimester of pregnancy, the Sylvian fissures undergo a noticeable shift in appearance, going from shallow depressions to deep sulci. Abnormal brain cortical development may be associated with a distinct pattern of cortical folding.
The insula is constructed like a sessile irregular pyramid that has a trapezoid base that faces medially. The insula’s central sulcus which extends perpendicularly from the postero-superior to the antero-inferior, divides the insular cortex into 2 lobules; anterior and posterior.
Even for expert sonographers, evaluating the developing fetal brain remains challenging. Prenatal ultrasound is extensively utilized to assess fetal sulcus development to comprehend cortical maturation and development.
The aim of this study was to compare the Sylvian fissure depth and insular lobe depth via trans-abdominal ultrasonography in normal pregnancy versus pre-eclampsia cases with and without IUGR between 28-34 gestational weeks.
The current study was a case control research that is conducted on 80 pregnant females between 28-34 gestational weeks at Alshatby Maternity University hospital, Alexandria within the period from July 2022 to June 2023.