الفهرس 
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Abstract
This research sought to assess the potential protective function of quercetin nanoparticels as well as the impact of pregnant albino rat exposure on the development of the cerebellar cortex in the offspring.
Forty pregnant albino rats were used in this investigation, and they were split into four groups (ten rats each). group I (control group): from the first day of pregnancy until day 21 following birth, pregnant rats in this group were given distilled water orally via a gastric tube every day. group II (Qu-group): starting on the seventh day of pregnancy and continuing for 15 days, pregnant rats were given 30 mg/kg body weight/day of quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles dissolved in water via a stomach tube. group III (Tr-group): from the seventh day of pregnancy to day 21, tramadol (50 mg/kg) was administered daily via a gastric tube. group IV (Qu-Tr group): for 15 days starting on the 7th day of pregnancy, a gastric tube containing 30 mg/kg body weight/day of quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles mixed in water was used to administer tramadol (50 mg/kg) daily until day 21.
Thirteen pups from each group were slaughtered on postnatal days 7 and 21 at the conclusion of the experiment. The cerebella was removed and prepared for light microscopic analysis using H&E stain, immunohistochemistry to detect glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and assess positive nuclear cells using anti-PCNA (anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen), and biochemical analyses to measure GSH, MAD, BDNF, and genotoxcicity.
A morphometric investigation was carried out to compute the percentage areas of GFAP and PCNA and to assess the area fraction of GFAP and PCNA immunopositivity.
The glutathione level biochemical findings between the Control and Qu groups at both PD7 and PD21 indicated that the two groups were comparable to one another.
The GSH level was lower in the Tr-group than in the other two groups.
While The level of the Qu-Tr group was higher than that of the Tr-group, but it was lower than that of the Control and Qu groups.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels across groups at both PD7&21 revealed that, while the Tr-mean group’s MDA values were significantly higher than those of the Control and Qu groups, the two groups were otherwise identical. Comparing the Qu-Tr group to the Tr-group and the Control and Qu-group, there was a notable decline and rise, respectively.
The levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were not significantly different between the Con and Q groups at either PD7 or PD21. In contrast to the Control and Qu groups, the Tr-mean group’s BDNF levels significantly decreased. Comparing the Qu-Tr group to the Tr-group and the Control and Qu groups, there was a substantial rise and reduction, respectively.
Parameters of genotoxicity DNA tail intensity, tail length and tail moment analysis at both PD7 and PD21 revealed that although the Tr-DNA group’s tail intensity was much higher than that of the other groups, the Control and Qu groups were comparable to one another. The Qu-Tr group showed a noteworthy rise in comparison to the Control and Qu groups, and a decline in comparison to the Tr-group.
Research showed that at PD7, there were four layers in the cerebellar cortex of both the control and quercetin groups: the exterior granular, molecular, Purkinje cell, and internal granular layers. Rounded granule cells that were darkly pigmented packed the outer granular layer.
Large, pear-shaped Purkinje cells with vesicular nuclei made up the Purkinje cell layer. Deeply stained basophilic granule cells were dispersed throughout the interior granular layer. There were three layers to the cerebellar cortex at PD21. Every layer of cells, including molecular, Purkinje, and granular.
A sparse covering of stellate and basket cells gave the molecular layer a pale appearance. A single row of Purkinje cells with pale central nuclei, apical cytoplasmic cones, and oval or flask-shaped cell bodies made up the Purkinje cell layer. Rounded, tiny granule cells that were heavily stained made up the granular layer.
At PD7, the external granular layer showed wide intercellular spaces and degenerated areas, suggesting that the Tr-group had a significant impact on the cerebellar cortex’s overall architecture. There seemed to be a thin molecular layer. The layer of Purkinje cells seemed to be disordered and aberrant. The interior granular layer had degenerated areas and clogged blood vessels. Three layers of vacuolation were observed: the outer granular, the molecular, and the Purkinje cell layer. The outer granular layer was seen at PD21.
The nuclei of purkinje cells were highly stained. Additionally, vacuolations were seen between the molecular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer. The distinctive pyriform shape of purkinje cells was disappeared, and their nuclei were heavily stained, giving them an uneven, shrunken appearance. Interstitial vacuolations were seen in the molecular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer.
Furthermore, astrocytes exhibited a much higher percentage area of strong positive reaction to GFAP compared to the control group. also decreased PCNA immunopositivity area fracture. The layers in both PD7 and PD21 seemed to be arranged properly, according to the evaluation of Qu-Tr-group. Additionally, the purkinje cells reverted to their characteristic flask form and were arranged in a single row. Nuclear expression in cells also responded positively to PCNA, as did the control group, while astrocytes responded slightly positively to GFAP, as did the quercetin and control groups.