الفهرس 
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Abstract
I would like also to extend my deepest appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Fatma A. Abdel Razek for imparting skills that have shaped my career and professional life. Prof. Fatma never lost faith in me and I will always be grateful for her expertise, invaluable patience, care and continuous support especially during periods where I faced major challenges in my work and personal life. I have learnt a lot from her and still am learning from her remarkable energy, wisdom and restless pursuit to do things in the most efficient and rightful way. Her guidance, motivation and support have been instrumental in helping me achieve so much personal and professional growth. Also, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks and my deepest appreciation to Prof. Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed, for his expertise, guidance, significant support, timely advice, dynamism and insight that carried me through all the stages of completing this thesis. Further, his high standards and meticulous revisions and corrections have made me better at what I do and pushed me further to excel in every way possible. Prof. Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed and Prof. Fatma A. Abdel Razek helped me through my transition from being a student to an academic researcher and I will always be indebted to both of them in this regard. Their valuable feedback and constructive comments allowed me to deepen and refine my research, and the finalization of this thesis would have been impossible without their supervision. I cannot thank both of them enough for being such wonderful mentors to me over the past 12 years, and I want them to know how much that has meant to me.