الفهرس 
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Abstract
This main research objective is to determine the influence of red beet (roots and leaves) powder on the biological, biochemical, histological changes in male albino rats. Additionally, some physiological aspects like BWG, FI, FER as well as the weight of the internal organs and some biochemical traits like liver and kidney function, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid profile (HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c), glucose level, and hematological parameters like RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, and platelets were measured in the tested albino rats. Chemical composition and some active compounds of red beet roots and leaves powder such as identification of phenolic compounds using HPLC technique will also determine.
Forty adult male white albino rats, (Sprague Dawley Strain), 10 weeks age, weighing (140±10g) were used in this experiment. All rats were fed on basal diet for 7 consecutive days. After this adaptation period, rats are divided into 8 groups, each group which consists of 5 rats as follows:
• group (1): Rats fed on basal diet as a control negative.
• group (2): A group of obese rats fed by high fat diet (20% animal lipid) supplemented in the basal diet and used as a positive control group.
• group (3): Obese rats’ group were fed on red beet leaves as powder by 2.5% of the weight of basal diet.
• group (4): Obese rats’ group were fed on red beet leaves as powder by 5% of the weight of basal diet.
• group (5): Obese rats’ group were fed on red beet roots powder by 2.5% of kg/diet/day.
• group (6): Obese rats’ groups were fed on red beet roots powder by 5% of kg/diet/day.
• group (7): A group of obese rats fed on 2.5% of basal diet in powdered (1:1) red beet roots and leaves.
• group (8): A group of obese rats fed on 5% of basal diet in powdered (1:1) red beet roots and leaves.
During the experimental period, the body weight and food intake were estimated weekly, and the general behavior of rats was observed. The experiment taken 28 days, at the end of the experimental period each rat weight separately then, rats are slaughtered and collect blood samples.
The obtained results could be summarized in the following:
7.1. Chemical composition of red beet roots and leaves:
1. The highest moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and energy value contents recorded for red beet roots as dry weight (D/W).
2. While the highest ash and fiber levels were found in the dried weight (D/W) of red beet leaves.
7.2. Phenolic compounds of red beet roots:
1. The highest phenolic compounds of red beet roots recorded for, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, 4- hydroxy benzoic acid, trans-o-hydroxycinnamic acid, P-coumaric acid, trans ferulic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamic acid and vanillic acid.
2. While the lowest value was found for caffeic acid. The level was 2.54 mg/100g DW.
7.3. Phenolic compounds of red beet leaves as powder:
1. Chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, 4- hydroxy benzoic acid, trans-o-hydroxycinnamic acid, P-coumaric acid, trans Ferulic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamic acid and vanillic acid have the lowest phenolic components in red beet leaves as powder.
2. While caffeic acid has been found to have the highest phenolic content, red beet leaves as powder. The level was 3.59 mg/100g DW.
7.4. Effect of red beet roots and leaves on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of obese rats:
1. The body weight gain indicated that there is a significant difference between negative control and positive control group.
2. The highest body weight gain of treated groups was recorded for group rats fed on 2.5% red beet leaves powder. While the lowest value was recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with significant difference.
3. There are significant differences in feed intake between negative control and positive control group.
4. The highest feed intake of treated groups was recorded for group rats fed on 5%red beet leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for obese group rats fed on 5%red beet roots powder with significant difference (P≤ 0.05).
5. There is no significant difference of feed efficiency ratio between negative control group and positive control group.
6. The highest feed efficiency ratio of treated group recorded for obese group rats fed on 2.5%red beet leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with significant difference.
7.5. Effect of red beet leaves and roots on organs weight of obese rats:
1. There are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group in liver weight.
2. The highest liver weight of obese groups recorded for group rats fed on 2.5% red beet leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for obese group rats fed 2.5% mixture powder with significant difference (P≤0.05).
3. There are significant differences in kidney weight between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The highest kidney weight of treated group recorded for obese group rats fed on .5% red beet leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with significant difference (P≤ 0.05).
5. There are non-significant differences of heart weight between negative control group and positive control group.
6. The highest heart weight of treated group recorded for obese group rats fed on 2,5 % red beet leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with non-significant difference (P≤0.05).
7.6. Effect of red beets leaves and roots on triglycerides and cholesterol of obese rats:
1. Total cholesterol levels in the negative control group were 70.54 mg/dl, whereas those in the positive control group were 157.65 mg/dl, with significant differences. (P≤0.05).
2. The obese group rats fed 2.5% red beets leaves powder had the highest levels while the lowest serum total cholesterol levels recorded for 5% mixture powder with significant differences (P≤0.05), with mean value of 139.20 and 79.9 mg/dl, respectively.
3. A significant difference (P≤0.05) of triglycerides between the positive control group and the negative control group. The relative mean values were 136.00 and 71.50 mg/dl.
4. The obese group that received 5% mixture powder had the lowest triglyceride levels. However, obese group rats fed 2.5% red beets leaves powder showed the highest value with a significant difference (P≤0.05). The relative mean values were 107.67 and 65.17 mg/dl.
7.7. Effect of red beets leaves and roots on serum lipid fractions of obase rats:
1. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) in the levels of HDL-c between the positive control group and the negative control group, with the positive control group having the lowest levels. There were 23.38 and 49.19 mg/dl on average, respectively.
2. The highest levels of HDL-c were found in obese groups in 5% mixture powder, whereas the lowest levels were found in 2.5%red beet leaves powder. These differences were significantly at (P≤0.05), and the values were 48.04 and 31.99 mg/dl, respectively.
3. As for LDL-c, the positive control group had the highest levels of LDL-c, whereas the negative control group had the lowest levels, with a significant difference (P≤0.05), which were 107.07 mg/dl and 7.05 mg/dl, respectively.
4. Obese groups fed 2.5%red beet leaves powder had the highest levels of LDL-c, whereas 5% mixture powder had the lowest, with a significant difference (P≤0.05). The average levels were 85.68 and 18.82 mg/dl, respectively.
5. With statistically significant differences (P≤0.05), it can be stated that the positive control group had the highest levels of VLDL-c, whereas the negative control group had the lowest levels. There were 27.2 and 14.3 mg/dl on average, respectively.
6. The 2.5%Red beet leaves powder group had the highest obese VLDL-c values, whereas the 5% Mixture powder group had the lowest levels, with significant differences (P≤0.05), which were 21.53 and 13.04 mg/dl, respectively.
7. The atherogenic index (AI) values between the positive control group had the greatest levels of the compared to the negative control group, which showed a significant difference (P≤0.05), which were 5.72 and 0.43, respectively.
8. The highest AI values of the obese groups were found in 2.5%red beet leaves powder, while the lowest were found in 5% mixture powder. These differences were significant (P≤0.05), and they were 3.35 and 0.66, respectively.
7.8. Effect of red beets leaves and roots on glucose of obese rats:
1. There are significant differences (P≤0.05) between the negative control and positive control groups.
2. The obese group of rats had the lowest blood glucose levels when they were fed on 5% mixture powder. While the highest value was seen in rats with obese that received 2.5% red beet leaves powder.
7.9. Effect of red beets leaves and roots on liver functions of obese rats:
1. The ALT liver enzyme levels between the negative and positive control groups differed significantly.
2. The ALT liver enzyme was lowest in the obese group of rats fed on 5% mixture powder. 2.5% red beet leaves powder was given to the obese group of rats, who had the highest value and the greatest difference (P≤0.05).
3. A significant difference (P≤0.05) between the negative and positive control groups for the liver enzyme AST.
4. The AST enzyme was lowest in hypercholesteremic rats fed a 5% mixture powder than in any other treated group. But the highest value was observed in obese group rats fed 2.5% Red beet leaves powder. With a significant difference (P≤0.05).
5. Liver enzyme ALP differed significantly (P≤0.05) between the positive and negative control groups.
6. The rats in the obese group were fed 5% mixture powder, and their ALP enzyme levels were the lowest among the treatment groups. While the highest value observed was for the obese group of rats fed on 2.5% red beet leaves powder with a significant difference.
7.10. Effect of red beets leaves and roots as powders on serum albumin and total protein levels of obese rats:
1. Total protein showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
2. The lowest total protein of treated groups recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% red beets roots powder. While the highest value recorded for obese group rats fed on 2.5% mixture powder with significant difference.
3. There are significant differences in albumin between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The lowest albumin of treated group recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% red beets roots powder. While the highest value recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with significant difference.
7.11. Effect of red beets leaves and roots on renal biomarkers of obese rats:
1. The positive control group’s serum urea was much higher than the negative control group’s serum urea.
2. The obese group rats given 2.5%red beet leaves powder had the highest serum urea level of all the treated groups. When fed 5% mixture powder, obese rats’ lowest recorded value showed a significant difference.
3. Serum uric acid levels, data indicated that there are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group.
4. Obese rats exhibited the highest serum uric acid levels when given 2.5%red beet leaves powder, with the lowest value being achieved for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder.
5. The serum creatinine levels of the negative control groups were significantly (P≤0.05) lower than those of the positive control groups.
6. The obese group rats given 2.5%red beet leaves powder had the highest serum creatinine level of the treatment group. While the lowest result was reported for obese rats fed a 5% mixture powder.
7.12. Effect of red beets leaves and roots on red blood cell and white blood cell levels of obese rats:
1. The red blood cells (RBCs) of negative control group recorded higher count when compared with positive control group with significant differences (P≤0.05).
2. The highest RBCs count of treated groups recorded for obese group rats fed on 2.5% red beet leaves powder. While the lowest count recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with significant difference.
3. The positive control group of white blood cells (WBCs) recorded higher count when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest WBCs count of treated group recorded for obese group rats fed on 2.5%red beet roots powder. While the lowest count recorded for obese group rats fed on 5%red beet count powder with significant difference.
7.13. Effect of red beets leaves and roots on hemoglobin and platelets of obese rats:
1. The hemoglobin (Hgb) of negative control group recorded higher value when compared with positive control group with significant differences.
2. The highest hemoglobin level of treated groups recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder. While the lowest value recorded for obese group rats fed on 2.5% red beet leaves powder with significant difference.
3. The positive control group of platelets recorded higher count when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest platelets count of treated groups recorded for obese group rats fed on 2.5% red beet leaves powder. While the lowest count recorded for obese group rats fed on 5% mixture powder with significant difference.
7.14. Histopathological examination of liver:
1. Histopathologically, liver of rat from group 1 showed normal histopathological structure of hepatic lobule, from central vein and hepatocytes (Photos. 1 & 2).
2. Liver of rats from group 2 showed showed necrosis of hepatocytes around the central vein (Photo. 3), edema in the portal triad (Photo. 4) and portal infiltration with inflammatory cells (Photos. 4 & 5).
3. On the other hand, Liver of rats from group 3 exhibited Kupffer cells activation (Photo. 6), congestion of central vein (Photo. 7) and slight fibroplasia in the portal triad (Photo. 8).
4. Moreover, liver of rat from group 4 described congestion of central vein (Photo. 9) and Kupffer cells activation (Photo. 10).
5. Meanwhile, liver of rat from group 5 revealed no histopathological alterations (Photo. 11), whereas, other sections showed congestion of central vein (Photo. 12), Kupffer cells activation (Photo. 13) and small focal hepatocellular necrosis associated with inflammatory cells infiltration (Photo. 14).
6. Liver of rat from group 6 showed slight Kupffer cells activation (Photos. 15 & 16) and congestion of central vein (Photo. 16), whereas other sections exhibited no histopathological alterations (Photo. 17). showed slight Kupffer cells activation (Photos. 15 & 16) and congestion of central vein (Photo. 16), whereas other sections exhibited no histopathological alterations (Photo. 17).
7. Meanwhile, sections from group 8 manifested slight Kupffer cells activation (Photos. 20, 21 & 22), slight congestion of central vein (Photo. 21) and focal hepatocellular necrosis associated with inflammatory cells infiltration (Photo. 22).
7.15. Histopathological examination of heart:
1. Heart of healthy rat from control (-) group (1) showing normal cardiac myocytes (Photos. 1 & 2).
2. Meanwhile, the heart of obese rat from control (+) group (2) showed congestion of myocardial blood vessels (Photos. 3 & 4), vacuolation of the sarcoplasm of cardiac myocytes (Photos. 4 & 5) and vacuolation in the wall of myocardial blood vessel (Photo.5).
3. Heart of obese rat from group (3) manifested vacuolation of the sarcoplasm of some cardiac myocytes (Photo. 6) associated with dilatation and congestion of myocardial blood vessel (Photo. 7).
4. Heart of obese rat from group (4) exhibited no histopathological alterations (Photo. 8) except congestion of myocardial blood vessel (Photo. 9) was observed in some sections.
5. Heart of obese rat from group (5) revealed dilatation and congestion of myocardial blood vessel in some sections (Photo. 10), whereas other sections showed no histopathological alterations (Photo. 11).
6. Heart of obese rat from group (6) described dilatation and congestion of myocardial blood vessel (Photo. 12) as well as inflammatory cells infiltration in between the cardiac myocytes (Photo.12), whereas other sections exhibited no histopathological alterations (Photos. 14 & 15).
7. Heart of obese rat from group (7) showed slight intramyocardial edema and congestion of myocardial blood vessels (Photo. 17), whereas other sections revealed no histopathological alterations (Photo. 18).
8. Heart of obese rat from group (8) appeared histologically normal with no histopathological alterations (Photos. 19, 20 & 21).