الفهرس 
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Abstract
This main research objective is to potential effects of nettle Roots for improving rats’ fertility. Additionally, some physiological aspects like BWG, FI, FER as well as the weight of the internal organs and some biochemical traits like determination of sexual hormones male (FSH, LH, Testosterone hormone) and determination of sexual hormones female (Estrogen hormone, Progesterone hormone, testosterone hormone) and determination of immune (IgG, IgM) and liver functions and kidney functions, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c), glucose level, and hematological parameters like CBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, and platelets were measured in the tested albino rats.
Rats have been maintained in regular, healthy conditions at a temp. of 25°C, metal frames are used. 25°C. In this study, 48 mature male and female white albino ”Sprague Dawley” rats have been utilized, weighing 150-160g. To facilitate adaptation, all rats obtained a casein diet prepared for 7 days. Following the modification period, eight groups of six rats have been created as follow:
• group (1): Male rats fed on basal diet and used as negative control group-normal group.
• group (2) Female rats fed on basal diet and used as negative control group-normal group.
• group (3) Male rats injected by 150 mg/kg of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and used as a positive control group.
• group (4) Femle rats injected by 150 mg/kg of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and used as a positive control group.
• group (5): A group fertility disorder male rats fed on the nettle roots as powder by 2.5% of the weight of the rat.
• group (6): A group fertility disorder female rats fed on the nettle roots as powder by 5% of the weight of the rat.
• group (7): A group fertility disorder male rats fed on the nettle roots as powder by 2.5% of the weight of the rat.
• group (8): A group fertility disorder female rats fed on the nettle roots as powder by 5% of the weight of the rat.
At the end of the 28-day test, each animal used to be individually weighed, slaughtered, and had blood tests taken.
During the experimental period, the body weight and food intake were estimated weekly, and the general behavior of rats was observed. The experiment taken 28 days, at the end of the experimental period each rat weight separately then, rats are slaughtered and collect blood samples.
The obtained results could be summarized in the following:
6.1. Effect of nettle root on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of infertility male and female rats:
1. The body weight gain (BWG) of male and female rats of negative control recorded a higher value when compared with positive control with significant difference.
2. The highest (BWG) of male and female rats recorded for 5 % nettle roots, while the lowest BWG recorded for 2.5 % nettle roots with a significant difference.
3. Feed intake (FI) of male and female rats of the negative control recorded a higher value when compared with positive control with significant difference.
4. The highest (BWG) of male and female rats recorded for 5 % nettle roots, while the lowest BWG recorded for 2.5 % nettle roots with a significant difference.
5. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) of male and female rats of male and female rats indicated that the negative control recorded a higher value when compared with positive control with significant difference.
6. The highest (FER) of male and female rats recorded for 5 % nettle roots, while the lowest FER recorded for 2.5 % nettle roots with a significant difference.
6.2. Effect of nettle root on organs weight of infertility male and female rats:
1. There are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group of male and female rats in liver weight.
2. The highest liver weight of male and female rats’ infertility male groups recorded for group rats fed on 5% nettle root powder. While the lowest value recorded for rats fed on 2.5 % nettle root powder with significant difference.
3. There are significant differences in kidney weight between negative control group and positive control group of male and female rats.
4. The highest kidney weight of treated infertility of male and female rats group recorded for group rats fed on 5% nettle root powder. While the lowest value recorded for rats fed on 2.5 % nettle root powder with significant difference.
5. There are non-significant differences of heart weight between negative control group and positive control group of male and female rats.
6. The highest heart weight of treated infertility of male and female rats group recorded for group rats fed on 5% nettle root powder. While the lowest value recorded for rats fed on 2.5 % nettle root powder with significant difference.
7. There are non-significant differences of testis and ovaries weight between negative control group and positive control group of male and female rats.
8. The highest testis and ovaries weight of treated infertility of male and female rats group recorded for group rats fed on 5% nettle root powder. While the lowest value recorded for rats fed on 2.5 % nettle root powder with significant difference.
6.3. Effect of nettle roots on sexual hormones male of infertility male rats:
1. The average testosterone level in male rats recorded for group of control negative significantly greatly difference the group with control positive.
2. As for the infertility disorder groups, the obtained results showed that the significantly greater testosterone hormone value recorded with group 5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots, which mean 1.4 and 0.94 mlU/ml, respectively.
3. Regarding FSH hormone, the mean value of FSH hormone of group with control negative showed significantly maximum value when compared to the group with control positive, the average reading was 0.30 and 0.12 mlU/ml.
4. Infertility disorder groups of male rats significantly greater FSH hormone value recorded with group 5% nettle roots. While the lower value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots, which were 0.20 and 0.17 mlU/ml, respectively.
5. The average LH hormone values for the groups with control positive and negative, ranging from 0.18 and 0.13 mlU/ml, did no longer extensively vary from one another.
6. Infertility disorder groups showed lowest LH hormone value recorded with group 5% nettle. While the greatest value recorded with the group 2.5 % nettle roots, which were 0.15 and 0.13 mlU/ml, respectively with non-significant difference.
6.4. Effect of nettle roots on sexual hormones female of infertility female rats:
1. The values of the female group with control negative significantly greatly difference the group with control positive, indicate with values of 1.45and 1.13 mIU/ml.
2. As for the infertility disorder female groups, significantly greater testosterone hormone value recorded with group 5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots, which mean 1.37 and 1.23 mlU/ml, respectively.
3. Progesterone of female group with control positive showed significant maximum value when compared to the group with control negative, the average reading was 33 and 23.20 mlU/ml.
4. The progesterone value recorded the highest value with group 2.5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 5 % nettle roots, which were 27.16 and 24.13 mlU/ml, respectively with significant difference.
5. The mean value of estrogen of female group with control positive showed significant maximum value when compared to the group with control negative, the average reading was 20.5 and 11.81mlU/ml.
6. The significantly greatest estrogen value recorded with group 2.5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 5 % nettle roots, which were 16.34 and 13.5 mlU/ml, respectively.
6.5. Effect of nettle roots on immune (IgM- IgG) of infertility male and female rats:
1. The higher serum IgM of negative control of male and female rats’ groups showed significantly larger value in relation to group with control positive.
2. Infertility disorder of male and female rats’ groups showed significantly greatest IgM value recorded with group 5% nettle roots, while the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
3. The average IgG values of male and female rats’ group with control had been significantly larger than these of the positive control group.
4. Infertility disorder of male and female rats’ groups, significantly greater IgG value recorded with group 5% nettle roots, while the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
6.6. Effect of nettle root on serum total cholesterol and triglycerides of infertility male and female rats:
1. Total cholesterol levels in the male and female rats’ group with control positive showed significantly greater value when compared to the group with control negative with significant differences.
2. The infertility disorder of male and female rats’ groups showed significantly lowest total cholesterol value recorded with group 5% nettle roots, while the greater value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots powder with significant differences.
3. A greater significant difference of triglycerides between the control positive of male and female rats’ group when compared to group with control negative of male and female rats.
4. Significantly lowest triglycerides value recorded with of male and female rats’ group given 2.5% nettle roots, thus greater range recorded with group given 5 % nettle roots.
6.7. Effect of nettle roots on serum lipid fractions of infertility male and female rats:
1. There were significant differences in the levels of HDL-c between the negative control group proven a considerably larger value comparing the values of the two control groups greater of male and female rats.
2. As for the infertility disorder of male and female rats groups, with significantly greater HDL-c value recorded with group 5% nettle roots, while the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
3. As for LDL-c value of the of male and female rats’ group with control positive was once considerably greater than that of the group with control negative.
4. As for the infertility disorder groups of male and female rats’, with significantly greater LDL-c value recorded with group received 2.5% nettle roots, whilst the lowest value recorded with group received 5 % nettle roots.
5. With statistically significant differences (P≤0.05), of male and female rats’ group with control positive showed significantly greater value when compared to group with control negative.
6. As for infertility disorder of male and female rats’ groups, the data collected demonstrated significantly greater VLDL-c value recorded with groups received 2.5% nettle roots, while the lowest value recorded with groups received 5 % nettle roots.
6.8. Effect of nettle roots on glucose levels of infertility male and female rats:
1. There are significant differences (P≤0.05) between the group of male and female rats with control negative recorded a decrease value with a statistically significant difference, whereas the control positive group mentioned a greater glucose level.
2. All infertility rats fed various levels of nettle roots showed significant reductions in indicated values. The group of male and female rats’ who fed 2.5% nettle roots had the highest glucose level, whilst the group that fed 5% nettle roots had the smallest value.
6.9. Effect of nettle roots on liver functions of infertility male and female rats:
1. The ALT liver enzyme of group with control positive showed significantly greater concentrations when compared to group with control negative of male and female rats.
2. The ALT liver enzyme of male and female rats’ significantly lowest ALP value recorded with group 5% nettle roots, while the greater value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
3. A significant difference between AST liver enzyme of group of male and female rats with control positive as comparing to group with control negative.
4. The AST enzyme of male and female rats was with significantly smaller value recorded with group 5% nettle. While the bigger value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
5. Liver enzyme ALP differed significantly between the control positive significantly difference the group of male and female rats with control negative in terms of ALP liver activity.
6. The infertility groups showed significantly lower ALP value with group 5% nettle roots, while the higher value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
6.10. Effect of nettle roots on kidney functions of infertility male and female rats:
1. Serum urea of control positive group showed significantly greater value when compared to group with control negative of male and female rats.
2. The significantly greater urea value captured with group of male and female rats received 2.5% nettle roots, but lowest value recorded with group received 5 % nettle roots.
3. The average uric acid concentration of group with control positive of male and female rats showed significantly greater range as compared to group with control negative.
4. As for infertility disorder groups of male and female rats, significantly greater uric acid concentration recorded with group received 2.5% nettle. But lowest concentration was recorded for group received 5 % nettle roots.
5. The serum creatinine of control positive of male and female rats groups showed significantly maximum concentration as comparing to group with control negative.
6. As for of male and female rats’ groups infertility disorder, significantly greater creatinine concentration observed for group receiving 2.5% nettle roots, but lowest concentration observed for group receiving 5 % nettle roots.
6.11. Effect of nettle roots on red blood cells and white blood cells and hemoglobin and platelets of infertility male and female rats:
1. The red blood cells (RBCs) level of male and female rats’ of control negative significantly greatly difference the group with control positive.
2. As for the RBCs infertility disorder of male and female rats’ groups, significantly greater RBCs value recorded with group 5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
3. The average WBCs level of male and female rats of the group with control positive significantly greatly difference the group with control negative.
4. As for the WBCs infertility disorder of male and female rats’ groups, significantly greater WBCs value recorded with group 5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
5. Hemoglobin level of male and female rats of the group with control negative significantly greatly difference the group with control positive.
6. As for the hemoglobin infertility disorder groups of male and female rats significantly greater value recorded with group 5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.
7. Platelet level of male and female rats of the group with control positive significantly greatly difference the group with control negative.
8. Platelet infertility disorder groups of male and female rats, significantly greater value recorded with group 5% nettle roots. While the lowest value recorded with group 2.5 % nettle roots.