الفهرس 
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Abstract
Resistant bacteria are increasingly more prevalent, more virulent, and more diverse. Their rise is a direct result of antibiotic use, regardless of its form or necessity. These antibiotic resistant bacteria can infect both humans and animals, sometimes traveling from one to the other, both within and across national borders. Resistance to antibiotics existed even before antibiotics were used throughout the world. However, the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials is accelerating this process. The consequences of antimicrobial resistance include the failure to successfully treat infections, leading to more severe or prolonged illness, death, production losses and negative consequences for livelihoods and food security. In the beginning of the 21st century, the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has reached an apex, where even 4th and 5th generation antibiotics are becoming useless in clinical settings. In turn, patients are suffering from once-curable infections, with increases in morbidity and mortality. The root cause of many of these infections are the ESKAPEE pathogens (Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, and Escherichia coli), which thrive in the nosocomial environment and are the bacterial species that have seen the largest rise in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes. While traditional small-molecule development still dominates the antibacterial landscape for solutions to AMR, some researchers are now turning to biological approaches as potential game changers. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)—more specifically, human monoclonal antibodies (Hu-mAbs)—have been highly pursued in the anti-cancer, autoimmune, and antiviral fields with many success stories, but antibody development for bacterial infection is still just scratching the surface The indirect impacts of antimicrobial resistance extend beyond health risks or reduced productivity, and include higher costs for treatment and healthcare, and drain national and global economies.