الفهرس 
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Abstract
Egypt is one of the countries in the world that suffers from water scarcity, relying 97% on the water of the Nile River. It depends on a very limited share of the surface water of the Nile River (55.5 billion cubic meters per year). The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation works to improve water quality because it reuses water more than once, and thus this is reflected in the health of citizens. Water pollution is a serious environmental problem, as industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities discharge huge amounts of waste into rivers around the world. The main goal of this thesis is to study and assess the characteristics of the water system in the Damietta branch of the Nile River at Dakahlia governorate, Egypt, as well as determine the primary sources of pollution parameters and their impact on the environment. The purpose of the thesis is also to discuss the water quality indices that are used in assessing the water quality of the Nile River. A lot of effort was made to gather, assess, and compile the available water quality data and Nile River water leveling data. The validity of the data was checked using descriptive statistical analysis, graphical statistical analysis, and a correlation matrix on the available parameters. The chemical, physical, and biological parameters were collected from several organizations, e.g., the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater, the Environmental Monitoring Department of the Preventive Medicine Department, the Ministry of Health and Population, and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation of Egypt. The water quality index approaches were used for 4 years (from 2018 to 2021) and applied to the water quality parameters in the Damietta branch of the Nile River, both spatially and temporally. The river receives significant amounts of industrial, agricultural, and human activity waste, according to the available data. It’s worth noting that, with very few exceptions, the river is still capable of recovering in almost all locations. Because of the high dilution ratio discharged through Zifta barrages, the Weighted Arithmetic Method (WA-WQI) and the Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environment Method (CCME-WQI) are used to find the water quality index (WQI) along the stretch of the branch. The Damietta branch indicates good and excellent suitability for surface water use according to the standards and tolerance limits of Egyptian Law No. 48/1982 and its Regulation No. 92/2013.