الفهرس 
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Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cleaning effectiveness and formation of
Dentinal microcracks of pediatric rotary files versus hand K-files on extracted primary molars
Material and method: Forty-four primary mandibular molars were randomly assigned into two
groups: cleaning effectiveness group (n=22) and the dentinal microcracks group (n=22), and
each group was divided into two equal subgroups; K-file and kedo-S Square. Cleaning
effectiveness was observed under stereomicroscope after the clearing technique. Roots were
sectioned and each slice was examined with Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
(E.SEM) to determine the presence/absence of cracks.
Result: Considering the effectiveness of cleaning, at coronal third Kedo-S Square file
performed significantly better cleaning of the canals in coronal third than K-file (P = 0.012). In
the middle and apical thirds of the root, no difference was detected between the groups. While
regarding microcracks formation no statistical difference was detected between K-file and
Kedo-S Square file at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds (P =0.078).
Conclusion: Kedo-S Square rotary system showed better cleaning effectiveness when
compared to manual K-file especially, in coronal one third. As regards to microcracks
formations there was no statistical difference in all root sections between K-file and Kedo-S
Square file.
Keywords: primary teeth, K-files, Kedo-S Square, cleaning effectiveness,Biomechanical
preparation, pediatric rotary files.