الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Because renal transplantation increases both quality of life and longevity, it is widely regarded as the treatment of choice for patients who have reached ESRD. Bone affection is common among renal transplant patients. That could lead to increase in fracture risk secondary to decrease bone mass. The first year following a renal transplant sees the greatest reduction in bone mass compared to subsequent years.
The reason of decreased bone density in the initial post renal transplantation period is multifactorial. Suggested contributors are immunosuppressive medications including calcineurin inhibitors, corticosteroids, high FGF-23, low vitamin D levels and hyperparathyroidism which have been present for a sufficiently long duration to affect bone health even with normal function of renal graft. According to research conducted by Fan et al., transplant recipients who do not take any preventative measures against bone loss experience a reduction of 9 percent of bone mass in the femoral neck and 6.4 percent in the lumbar spine one year after receiving a renal transplant.