الفهرس 
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Abstract
Umbilical cord contains three vessels and it is vulnerable to kinking, torsion and compression which may affect the perinatal outcome. Umbilical cord is a vital structure of maternal-fetal circulation that can be used to evaluate pregnancy outcomes.
Normally these vessels are protected by Wharton’s jelly, amniotic fluid and helical patterns or coiling of blood vessels. This helical fashion of umbilical vessels is called spiral course.
A coil is defined as a completed 360 spiral course of umbilical vessels around the Wharton’s jelly. Umbilical coiling is the total number of coils divided by the umbilical cord length in cm and it is called ”index of twist”.
Reciprocal value of the distance between a pair of coils measured in cm from inner edge of an arterial or venous wall to the outer edge of next coil .
An abnormal umbilical cord coiling index includes both hypo-coiled cords (UCI<10th percentile) and hyper-coiled cords (UCI>90th percentile). An abnormal umbilical coiling index reported with adverse perinatal outcome.
Correlation of hypo-coiling and hyper-coiling with the perinatal outcome was based on the variables, such as NICU admission, low birth weight, meconium staining, preterm labor and low APGAR score.
It is assumed that the umbilical coiling is completely developed by the end of first trimester and does not change thereafter but rather that the cord lengthens between the established coils.