الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Biodiversity plays an essential role in ecosystem functioning that benefit the community. Despite the benefits of biodiversity, today’s threats to species and ecosystems are increasing everyday at an alarming rate. Due to Different human activities, environmental destruction and a decline in biodiversity occurred. These activities include: harvesting of vegetation for fuel and medicine, overgrazing, habitat alteration and urbanization in addition to climate change. Most endemic and near-endemic plant species are rare. These species have been exposed to extinction within the last few years.from the bio-geographical viewpoint, endemism is the restriction of a taxon to a defined geographical area or habitat type (endemics), or the eco-geographical boundaries of two or more countries regardless of their political boundaries (near-endemics). Species distribution models (SDMs) have become a fundamental tool in ecology, biogeography, biodiversity conservation and natural resource management. There are many species distribution models (SDMs) readily available for predicting a species’ probable distribution. Among SDMS, the Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) was selected.The Egyptian Mediterranean coastal region hosts nine endemic and 26 near-endemic taxa. Perennial plants are more common than annuals in the Mediterranean region. The therophytes were the most frequent life forms in the study area. Species with both a small geographic range and narrow habitat specificity (SNA and SNN) were the classic rarities in the sense of restricted endemics. Our results showed that, the environmental suitability of P. arabicum lies along the Mediterranean coast especially in Alexandria- abo Qir, El Borollos, Ras El-Hekma, Omayed region and Marsa Matrouh. MaxEnt outputs models indicated that P. arabicum distribution range was more influenced by precipitation-related variables then temperature variables precipitation of coldest quarter (bio19), Precipitation seasonality (bio15), Annual precipitation (bio12) and mean diurnal temperature(bio2). The Mediterranean coast of Egypt where C. glomerata is most environmentally suitable regions under the current climatic conditions and the current distribution shows their climate optimum in locations with high precipitation. the models showed the sites along the Mediterranean coast are suitable for the growth of C. glomerata, especially Agami and Sidi Kerir. The variables affecting its distribution are precipitation seasonality (bio15), precipitation of coldest quarter (bio19), temperature seasonality (bio4) and mean diurnal range (bio2). Ex situ and in situ conservation strategies for endemic and near-endemic plants are essential to reduce the possibility of extinction in the wild. Additional field surveys along the Mediterranean coastal region of Egypt are recommended for searching for new populations of C. glomerata and P. arabicum.