الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis demonstrates the importance of this parasite for public health in industrialized countries, as well as in developing countries and livestock. Little is known about its spread among humans and animals.
Although its symptoms are self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals, immunocompromised individuals are still at significant risk of developing chronic sequelae. Although cryptosporidiosis can be treated with NTZ, which is approved by FDA as the drug of choice, there is no drug is currently approved for the treatment of immunocompromised individuals. The need for cures is increasing. Herbal plants may be a good choice for new medications effective against Cryptosporidiosis.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude A. sativum extract and NTZ loaded on ZnO NPs on C. parvum infected immunosuppressed mice in comparison to both aqueous A. sativum crude extract and NTZ therapies.
Antiprotozoal activities were determined by monitoring C.parvum shedding in stool ,estimate some relevant oxidative stress biomarkers(via measuring the level of NO, GSH and MDA production in tissue), and histopathologically examine small intestinal and extraintestinal (liver and lung) tissue sections of experimental infected mice.
In this work, percentage of C.parvum oocyst reduction was estimated; and it was highest in biogenic ZnO NPs (100mg/kg) treated group (83.39%)followed by NTZ treated group (82.54%) followed bybiogenic ZnO NPs (50mg/kg),NTZ loaded on ZnO NPs and A.sativum loaded on ZnO NPs treated groups (78.58%,76.87% ,73.38%) ,while the reduction rate was lowest in A.sativumcrude juice extract and ZnO NPs (10mg/kg) treated groups (57.11% , 53.88) in comparison to positive control group.
The results showed that in all treated groups there were highly significant reduction in oocyst count (P ≤0.001) in comparison to the infected non treated control group, but there was no significance between different treated groups (P ≥ 0.05).
It also was reported that the infected immunosuppressed control groups caused a significant increase in the level of NO (P ≤ 0.01) in comparison to negative control group. While treatment with NTZ, biogenic ZnO NPs (50, 100 mg) showed a significant decrease in NO level compared with infected control group. Also; A.sativum decreased NO in significant manner. Moreover, the combination of ZnO NPs to NTZ produced a significant decrease in NO compared with infected control group (P ˂ 0.001), while the combination of ZnO NPs to A.sativum caused a significant decrease compared with infected group and A.sativum group (P ≤ 0.001).
Moreover, the results reported that the infected immunosuppressed control group caused significant decrease in the level of GSH (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to negative control group. While treatment with ZnO and biogenic ZnO NPs (50mg ,100 mg) caused a significant increase in the level of GSH (P ≤ 0.001; 0.01, respectively). Also, treatment with NTZ and treatment with the combination of ZNO NPs to NTZ caused a significant increase in the level of GSH (P ≤0.001). Moreover treatment with A.sativum increased GSH in significant manner, while treatment with the combination of ZnO NPs to A.sativum caused a significant increase in the level of GSH (P ≤ 0.001) compared with infected group and A.sativum group.
As regards MDA, the infected immunosuppressed control groups caused a significant increase in the level MDA (P ≤ 0.001) as compared to negative control group, while treatment with ZnO and biogenic ZnO NPs (100 , 50 mg) caused a significant decrease in the level of MDA (P ≤ 0.001), also treatment with NTZ and treatment with the combination of ZnO NPs to NTZ caused a significant decrease in the level of MDA (P ≤0.001), also treatment with A.sativum and the combination of ZnO NPs to A.sativum caused a significant decrease in the level of MDA (P ≤ 0.001, compared with infected group.
Regarding histopathological examination of intestinal, liver and lung sections mice received A.sativum loaded ZnO NPs, NTZ loaded ZnO NPs and biogenic ZnO NPs (100 mg/kg) revealed highest enhancement in the histopathological intestinal lesions. That was indicated by normal intestinal villi and broadening of villi with moderate inflammatory edema and few inflammatory cells with absence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the intestinal villi in those groups. Also, those groups showedhighest amelioration of the liver picture by finding minimal and mild degrees of hydropic degeneration. Moderate congestion and absence of dysplastic hepatocytes were noticed, while for lung sections our results showed mild inflammation with minimal destruction of alveolar septa.