الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the study.Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The goal of the study is to detect the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenems producing E. coli from meat and meat products in Mansoura, Egypt .Approximately 320 samples of meat and meat products were collected randomly from different retail butcher shops in Mansoura, Egypt. The collected samples were transferred on ice boxes to the bacteriology lab at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Mansoura University in Egypt, where they were examined within 24 hours of collection for further bacteriological examination. Samples were inoculated into MacConkey broth and then directly cultured on EMB Agar for the detection of E. coli. Biochemical profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility, and ESBL tests were performed to confirm the isolated strains. DNA extraction by boiling (heat block) was performed, then subjected to PCR (agar gel electrophoresis) to detect the encoded antibiotic-resistance genes of all retrieved isolates. coli was isolated from 60 out of 320 tested samples, with a total prevalence of 18.75%. The bacteria were Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacilli, motile, and non-spore-forming. It showed a characteristic metallic green colony on EMB agar. Biochemically, all recovered strains were positive for catalase, methyl red, indole, and sugar fermentation tests, while they reacted negatively to oxidase and H2S production tests. PCR results revealed that all tested stains were positive for the 16S rRNA conserved gene of E. coli. Phylogenetic grouping was done for all the isolates, and the result showed that 41.66% of the tested isolates belong to phyle group A, 23.33% belong to phyle group D, 20% belong to phyle group B1, and 15% belong to B2. Bacterial isolates were exhibiting high resistance to cefotaxime (CTX)( 80%), ceftazidime (CAZ)( 66.66%), moderate resistance to amoxyclavulanic acid (AMC)( 38.33%), and imipenem (IPM)( 40%) and low resistance to meropenem (MEM)(11.66%)Moreover, the tested strains harboured extended-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes (CTX, SHV, TEM, and VEB) with percentages (41.6%, 43.3%, 40%, and 11.6%), while all the isolates were negative to OXA 10 (0%).Meanwhile, they were also harbouring the carbapenem-resistant genes (NDM-1, VIM, GES, KPC, and IPM) with percentages of 6.6%, 33.3%, 16.6%,18.3%, and 6.6%, respectively, while all the isolates were negative for OXA 48 (0%). All the strains were also tested for the presence of the Colistin-resistant gene (mcr-1) and 10 isolates were positive, which equals 16.6%. Our study is significant because it describes the isolation and characterization of E. coli strains from food products, particularly raw beef and beef products, in Egypt that carry the ESBL, carbapenemase, and mcr-1 genes. This information suggests that these products may be a major source of human infections in Egypt because they contain strains of E. coli that are multi-virulent and multi-drug resistant. Such infections are difficult to treat or may not be curable.