الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was aimed to analyze the maximum bite force, median mandibular flexure, and facial morphology patterns to establish the normative values of Egyptian adults, investigate the correlation between maximum bite with mandibular flexure and, facial morphology, and detect possible gender differences.
The sample consisted of 46 Egyptian dental students (23 males and 23 females) aged 18-24 years in the faculty of dentistry, Alexandria University. Each student was clinically examined to ensure the presence of the inclusion criteria.
The study included:
1. The maximum bite force measurement using the piezo-resistive sensor Flexiforce ELF system (Tekscan Inc., South Boston, USA) was recorded three times on the right and left sides to record the maximum value.
2. Median mandibular flexure was measured by taking two different impressions for the lower arch during minimum opening and maximum opening using vinyl polysiloxane putty material (Affinis, Coltene/Whaledent AG, 9450 Altstatten, Switzerland). The two impressions were scanned extra-orally and turned into 3D models, and using Cloudcompare software, the models were superimposed against each other by selecting four matching reference points and using the software’s best-fit matching algorithm tool. Software measured MMF by calculating the variation between two 3D models from rest (R) to maximum opening (O). Also, differences were illustrated by a color-coded map to demonstrate where MMF were.
3. Frontal and lateral facial photographs were analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS5 software, including:
a) Facial landmarks (8 points)
b) Linear and vertical facial measurements
i) Bizygomatic width (BZW)
ii) Total anterior facial height (TAFH)
iii) Lower anterior facial height (LAFH)
iv) Gonial angle (GA)
The results of the statistical analysis of the data showed that:
1. The mean value of maximum bite force was higher in males than females, with highly statistically significant gender differences.
2. The mean value of median mandibular flexure was higher in females than males, with statistically significant gender differences.
3. Females showed a significant positive and moderate correlation between mandibular flexure and maximum occlusal bite. However, males did not show a significant correlation.
4. Although males showed a moderately negative correlation of median mandibular flexure with GA (r = - 0.410), this correlation was slightly higher than the significant values (P > 0.05).
5. Females did not show any correlation between median mandibular flexure and gonial angle.
6. The mean values of all facial morphology measurements were higher in males than females except for the gonial angle, which was higher in females than males.
7. This study showed that there was a highly significant difference between males and females regarding bizygomatic width (BZW), total anterior facial height (TAFH), and lower anterior facial height (LAFH).
8. Although the gonial angle was higher in females than males, there was no significant difference between genders.
9. Males revealed a statistically moderately positive and significant correlation between maximum bite force with bizygomatic width (BZW) and BZW/TAFH.
10. The gonial angle (GA) showed a statistically moderately negative and significant correlation with maximum bite force in men.
11. Females did not show any significant correlation between maximum occlusal bite and any facial morphology parameter.