الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Liver to brain communication pathways. Neural pathway: the liver is
innervated by vagal afferents that can be activated by the local inflammatory
mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6. The activated vagal afferents project to
different brain areas. Humoral pathway: local syntheized cytokines are
released to systemic circulation and reach the brain. They can either diffuse
freely to the brain parenchyma in areas where there is a lack of intact blood–
brain barrier such as circumventricular organ – CVOs – or activate cerebral
endothelial cells – CECs – and signal the brain. Monocytes can also migrate
into the brain in response to an activation of the cerebral microglia. As a result
of this, there is a release of cerebral immune mediators such as neurosteroids
and prostaglandins that will signal neurons and cause symptoms of sickness
behaviour. Peripheral inflammation can accelerate the natural course of
neurodegenerative diseases.